Abstract: A minute amount of fuel is injected into a combustion chamber during fuel cut, and a cylinder pressure is detected when the minute amount of fuel is being combusted. Then a combustion ratio is calculated based on the detected cylinder pressure, and a determination crank angle, which is used for determining a cetane number based on the combustion ratio, is determined. The cetane number is determined based on the determination crank angle.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an abnormality detection device for an in-cylinder pressure sensor and an abnormality detection method for an in-cylinder pressure sensor that is able to detect preload loss abnormality of an in-cylinder pressure sensor. An in-cylinder pressure sensor has a strain gauge element to which preload was given. Under an operating state of an internal-combustion engine, it is judged whether Pim/Pex that is a ratio of intake pressure Pim to exhaust gas pressure Pex is 1. Reset of temperature drift is performed when Pim/Pex is 1. If an output voltage which serves as a base of calculation of Pim after the reset of a temperature drift is equal to a circuit limit value, existence of preload loss abnormality is determined.

Abstract: A temperature compensated force detection element is provided with a substrate, an insulation layer disposed above the substrate, and a p-type semiconductor layer disposed above the insulation layer, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode disposed apart from each other above the p-type semiconductor layer. A gauge portion being electrically connected to the positive electrode and having a higher impurity concentration than the p-type semiconductor layer, and an n-type region electrically connected to the negative electrode are formed in the p-type semiconductor layer.

Abstract: Heat generation amount PV?(?) is calculated with the use of cylinder pressure P(?), detected by a cylinder pressure sensor, cylinder, volume V(?), and specific heat ratio ? (steps 100 to 102). A crank angle ?fix, at which the value of PV?(?) peaks, is determined as a start crank angle, at which an adiabatic process after combustion starts (step 104). A correction coefficient Kfix is calculated based on the variation of the value of PV?(?) after ?fix (step 106). An actual heat generation amount PV?(?) is calculated with the use of the correction coefficient Kfix (step 110). A cooling loss coefficient Kcool that determines a correlation between the cooling loss and crank angles may be calculated based on a water temperature and an engine speed and the actual heat generation amount PV?fix(?) may be made to reflect the cooling loss coefficient Kcool.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling an internal combustion engine that can estimate a quantity of heat generated is provided. An arithmetic processing unit 20 can calculate PV? variable according to a crank angle ? and dPV?/d? as a rate of change in PV?. For convenience' sake, a “crank angle at which dPV?/d? is a maximum while PV? is increasing” is to mean a “crank angle at a combustion proportion of 50%” and be referred to also as “?CA50”. PV? calculated for ?CA50 is to be referred to also as “PV?CA50”. In addition, for convenience' sake, a difference between PV? (which is zero in the embodiment as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4) and PV?CA50 at a start of combustion is also referred to as ?PV?CA50. A total quantity of heat generated Q is assumed to be twice as much as a value of ?PV?CA50.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an abnormality detection device for an in-cylinder pressure sensor and an abnormality detection method for an in-cylinder pressure sensor that is able to detect preload loss abnormality of an in-cylinder pressure sensor. An in-cylinder pressure sensor 5 has a strain gauge element 20 to which preload was given. Under an operating state of an internal-combustion engine, it is judged whether Pim/Pex that is a ratio of intake pressure Pim to exhaust gas pressure Pex is 1. Reset of temperature drift is performed when Pim/Pex is 1. If an output voltage V (Pim) which serves as a base of calculation of Pim after the reset of a temperature drift is equal to a circuit limit value Vmin, existence of preload loss abnormality is determined.

Abstract: In a control apparatus, when an engine is cranked, “an air-fuel mixture (an air-fuel mixture used for determination of fuel property) including fuel in a first predetermined fuel amount TAUm and air in a first predetermined air amount Mcm”, which generates torque that does not make the engine autonomously operate, is formed in a first cylinder (cylinder used for determination of the fuel property), and the air-fuel mixture is ignited and combusted by a spark at an ignition timing after a compression top dead center. Further, the control apparatus determines “an amount of heat generated per unit mass of the fuel” when the air-fuel mixture is combusted in the first cylinder, and determines a property of the fuel based on the amount of generated heat.

Abstract: A minute amount of fuel is injected into a combustion chamber during fuel cut, and a cylinder pressure is detected when the minute amount of fuel is being combusted. Then a combustion ratio is calculated based on the detected cylinder pressure, and a determination crank angle, which is used for determining a cetane number based on the combustion ratio, is determined. The cetane number is determined based on the determination crank angle.

Abstract: The internal combustion engine has a valve driving mechanism (VM) capable of changing the valve-opening characteristic of at least one of an intake valve (Vi) and an exhaust valve (Ve), an in-cylinder pressure sensor for detecting the in-cylinder pressure in a combustion chamber and ECU. ECU calculates the variation amount of the in-cylinder pressure caused by the valve-overlap of the intake valve (Vi) and the exhaust valve (Ve), and based on this variation amount of the in-cylinder pressure and the in-cylinder pressure detected at a predetermined timing in the compression stroke, calculates an amount of air sucked in the combustion chamber, as well as, based on this calculated intake air amount, determines the ignition timing. The amount of air sucked in the combustion chamber is accurately and costlessly calculated, and the ignition timing is optimally determined by using the calculated air amount.

Abstract: A temperature compensated force detection element is provided with a substrate, an insulation layer disposed above the substrate, and a p-type semiconductor layer disposed above the insulation layer, and a positive electrode and a negative electrode disposed apart from each other above the p-type semiconductor layer. A gauge portion being electrically connected to the positive electrode and having a higher impurity concentration than the p-type semiconductor layer, and an n-type region electrically connected to the negative electrode are formed in the p-type semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A stress measurement device includes a current supply portion; a series circuit which is connected to the current supply portion and has a piezoresistive element that forms a single gauge resistance and a compensating diode that is connected in series to the piezoresistive element; and a voltage measuring portion that measures voltage between both ends of the series circuit. The single gauge resistance has a piezoresistive effect in which a resistance value changes according to applied stress, and a positive temperature characteristic in which the resistance value increases depending on an increase in temperature. The compensating diode is provided in a forward direction with respect to the current supply portion and has a negative temperature characteristic in which a voltage between an anode and a cathode of the compensating diode decreases depending on the increase in temperature.

Abstract: The internal combustion engine has a valve driving mechanism (VM) capable of changing the valve-opening characteristic of at least one of an intake valve (Vi) and an exhaust valve (Ve), an in-cylinder pressure sensor for detecting the in-cylinder pressure in a combustion chamber and ECU. ECU calculates the variation amount of the in-cylinder pressure caused by the valve-overlap of the intake valve (Vi) and the exhaust valve (Ve), and based on this variation amount of the in-cylinder pressure and the in-cylinder pressure detected at a predetermined timing in the compression stroke, calculates an amount of air sucked in the combustion chambers, as well as, based on this calculated intake air amount, determines the ignition timing. The amount of air sucked in the combustion chamber is accurately and costlessly calculated, and the ignition timing is optimally determined by using the calculated air amount.

Abstract: A stress measurement device includes a current supply portion; a series circuit which is connected to the current supply portion and has a piezoresistive element that forms a single gauge resistance and a compensating diode that is connected in series to the piezoresistive element; and a voltage measuring portion that measures voltage between both ends of the series circuit. The single gauge resistance has a piezoresistive effect in which a resistance value changes according to applied stress, and a positive temperature characteristic in which the resistance value increases depending on an increase in temperature. The compensating diode is provided in a forward direction with respect to the current supply portion and has a negative temperature characteristic in which a voltage between an anode and a cathode of the compensating diode decreases depending on the increase in temperature.

Abstract: A thermal transfer receiving paper has an image-recieving layer receiving a thermal melting ink on a base paper containing pulp fibers as the main component. The image-receiving layer is formed by coating or impregnating a coating composition containing a synthetic polymer resin on one surface of the base paper. The synthetic polymer resin has a glass transition point of -60.degree. to -5.degree. C. and a surface tension of 38 to 55 dyne/cm. The pulp fibers constituting the base paper preferably containes at least one unbeaten pulp fiber in an amount of 50 to 100 weight % based on the total pulp fibers, which has a degree of water retention of not higher than 125% in accordance with J. TAPPI No.26, and satisfies the following equesions 1 and 2:0.3.ltoreq.L.ltoreq.1.0 10.3.ltoreq.d/D.ltoreq.0.8 2whereL: Length weighted mean fiber length (mm) measured in accordance with J.TAPPI No. 52D: Mean fiber diameter (.mu.m) measured by microphotographyd: Mean lumen diameter (.mu.m) measured by microphotography.

Abstract: An ink jet recording paper ensuring high image qualities and a method of producing the same. The paper has excellent ink receptivity, ink dryness, image density, color reproduction and image brightness. The paper is free from the strike through of Ink. The paper does not produce paper dust which affects the performance of the recording apparatus. The paper comprises a substrate and an ink receptive image-receiving layer thereon, the image-receiving layer being formed by coating or saturating the substrate with an aqueous coating composition, the improvement comprising the substrate satisfying the following two conditions at the same time:(1) The substrate contains a porous pigment in an amount of 6 to 20% by weight, the pigment having an apparent specific gravity under JIS-K-6220 of 0.10 to 0.50 g/cm.sup.3.(2) The initial angle of contact .theta. of the surface of the substrate with water is 45.degree. to 100.degree..

Abstract: An image-receiving paper for a thermal transfer recording system and a method of producing the same. The paper ensures excellent transfer, reproduction and fixability of ink dots as well as satisfactory image clearness, etc. A substrate contains a porous pigment in an amount of 6 to 20% by weight, which pigment has an apparent specific gravity under JIS-K-6220 of 0.10 to 0.50 g/cm.sup.3. The angle of contact .theta. of the surface of the substrate with water is 75 to 120.degree.. The substrate is coated or saturated with an aqueous coating composition comprising a pigment and a binder.