Abstract: In a ship-body frictional resistance reducing device, an ejection chamber having an air ejection hole is fixed to a bottom of a ship body, and an air supply path for supplying air to the ejection chamber and a marine-biofouling preventing-fluid supply path for supplying a marine-biofouling preventing fluid to the ejection chamber are connected to the ejection chamber. An on-off valve is provided on each of the paths, by which either one of the paths can be connected in a selective manner, making it possible to prevent adhesion of marine species to the air ejection hole of the ship body while suppressing power consumption therefor.

Abstract: In a ship-body frictional resistance reducing device, an ejection chamber (13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, and 13e) having an air ejection hole (14a, 14b, 14c, 14d, and 14e) is fixed to a bottom (12) of a ship body (11), an air supply path for supplying air to the ejection chamber (13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, and 13e) and a marine-biofouling preventing-fluid supply path for supplying a marine-biofouling preventing fluid to the ejection chamber (13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, and 13e) are connected to the ejection chamber (13a, 13b, 13c, 13d, and 13e), and an on-off valve (23, 34) is provided on each of the paths, by which either one of the paths can be connected in a selective manner, making it possible to prevent adhesion of marine species to the air ejection hole of the ship body while suppressing power consumption therefor.

Abstract: An engine has an intake device such that intake air passed through an entrance passage having a throttle valve is distributed to an intake passage of each cylinder. The engine has an EGR device such that exhaust gas is led to an intake system via an EGR valve to improve fuel efficiency over the entire operational range of the engine and results in a reduction in manufacturing costs. The respective intake passage of each cylinder has a main intake passage provided with an intake control valve, and a plurality of auxiliary intake passages along this main intake passage for generating a swirl of air charge inside the combustion chamber. A venturi tube is provided on a downstream side of the throttle valve of the entrance passage. An exhaust gas exit of the EGR device is formed on an internal wall surface of the venturi tube. A reed valve is provided between this exhaust gas exit and the EGR valve.

Abstract: An engine control system and method wherein the peak pressure in the combustion chamber can be reduced without significantly reducing engine output by supplying fuel in two segments. The first segment is begun before combustion begins and the second segment is not initiated until after combustion has been initiated and preferably after peak pressure has occurred in the combustion chamber. In this way, incipient knocking can be controlled without adversely effecting the engine performance.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of induction systems for internal combustion engines having fuel injector which spray fuel into the intake passages serving the individual combustion chambers. An arrangement is provided for injecting auxiliary air into the intake passages at atmospheric pressure. The timing and duration of air injection is varied so as to reduce pumping losses, control internal EGR, induce turbulence in the combustion chamber, control idle speed and to atomize the fuel injected by the fuel injectors, and, if desired, redirect it. Various valving and timing arrangements are disclosed whereby the duration and timing of the air injection can be controlled. In addition, embodiments are disclosed having insert pieces through which the fuel is injected and redirected by the air injected.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of induction systems for internal combustion engines having fuel injector which spray fuel into the intake passages serving the individual combustion chambers. An arrangement is provided for injecting auxiliary air into the intake passages at atmospheric pressure. The timing and duration of air injection is varied so as to reduce pumping losses, control internal EGR, induce turbulence in the combustion chamber, control idle speed and to atomize the fuel injected by the fuel injectors, and, if desired, redirect it. Various valving and timing arrangements are disclosed whereby the duration and timing of the air injection can be controlled. In addition, embodiments are disclosed having insert pieces through which the fuel is injected and redirected by the air injected.

Abstract: Sliding contact-making structures of an internal combustion engine, which comprise (a) a cylinder unit having an inner plating coating containing a dispersoid substance such as a plating coating of Ni-P-SiC or Ni-SiC; and (b) a piston provided with at least one piston ring, fitted into the inside of the cylinder in the axial direction so as to freely slide upon the inside surface thereof, are characterized in that the piston ring has a surface in sliding contact with the inside surface, which surface is covered with a vapor deposition layer such as a physical vapor deposition layer of TiN or CrN, whereby resistance to friction abrasion and seize, and the friction coefficient can be effectively improved.

Abstract: A number of embodiments of inductions and fuel injection systems for internal combustion engines that improve exhaust emission control and fuel economy without adversely effecting the running of the engine under any running condition. This is accomplished by injecting fuel into one of at least two intake passages and providing exhaust gas recirculation into another of the intake passages. A stoichiometric fuel air mixture is introduced and the amount of exhaust gas recirculation is such that a minimum amount of air is inducted into the combustion chamber through the other intake passage when exhaust gas recirculation is being accomplished. Both two and three intake valve systems are disclosed and these use either control valves for controlling the flow through the other intake passages or operate without control valve.

Abstract: An induction system for an internal combustion engine that has, in addition to the conventional main intake passage, a relatively small cross-sectional auxiliary intake passage which discharges into the main intake passage upstream of the point of communication of the main intake passage with the engine chamber and downstream of the throttle valve of the engine. A relatively large capacity plenum chamber feeds the auxiliary intake passage so that on the intake cycle a high velocity charge will be delivered from the auxiliary intake passage into the chamber to increase turbulence and improve the combustion efficiency.

Abstract: A control for carburetor-supplied induction systems for internal combustion engines. The engine includes a carburetor and a principal induction passage leading to an intake valve and thence to a combustion chamber. A principal throttle in the carburetor controls the supply of air/fuel mixture to the principal induction passage as a function of throttle setting and engine demand. This invention includes an auxiliary throttle valve in the principal induction passage between the principal throttle and the intake valve, and an auxiliary induction passage extending from a point in the principal induction passage between the two throttles to a point adjacent to the intake valve where its discharge will, when the intake valve is open, enter the combustion chamber in such a way as to cause swirl and/or turbulence. The auxiliary throttle is closed at light loads so that the bulk of the intake charge is delivered to the combustion chamber through the auxiliary induction passage.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine and method of operating it that improves combustion efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emission during low speed running. The engine is equipped with a relatively conventional main induction system and an auxiliary induction system having a substantially smaller cross sectional area for delivering a charge to the chambers of the engine at a high velocity to improve turbulence and combustion efficiency. A control valve arrangement is incorporated so that the idle and low speed requirements are supplied through the auxiliary induction system and the medium and higher load charge requirements are supplied primarily through the main induction system. An exhaust gas recirculating system is incorporated for reintroducing exhaust gases to the combustion chamber so as to reduce the emissions of nitrous oxide.

Abstract: Several embodiments of induction systems for multiple cylinder internal combustion engines that improve engine performance, particularly at idle and low speed. In each embodiment a charge is delivered to the chambers at idle and low speed through a relatively small cross sectional area auxiliary induction system for improving turbulence in the chamber at the time of combustion. The auxiliary induction passages communicate with each other so that the idle charge for a given chamber that is on its intake cycle will be supplied from the portion of the other induction systems downstream of a manually operated throttle valve. Upstream of the manually operated throttle valves there is provided another throttle valve which cooperates with an idle fuel discharge so that the idle fuel is delivered to the various chambers.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine and method of operating it that improves combustion efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emission during low speed running. The engine is equipped with a relatively conventional main induction system and an auxiliary induction system having a substantially smaller cross sectional area for delivering a charge to the chambers of the engine at a high velocity to improve turbulence and combustion efficiency. A control valve arrangement is incorporated so that the idle and low speed requirements are supplied through the auxiliary induction system and the medium and higher load charge requirements are supplied primarily through the main induction system. An exhaust gas recirculating system is incorporated for reintroducing exhaust gases to the combustion chamber so as to reduce the emissions of nitrous oxide.

Abstract: An induction system for an internal combustion engine that improves efficiency through increasing flame propagation at low and medium speeds and loads. This is accomplished through the use of a relatively small cross sectional area auxiliary induction system through which at least a portion of the charge requirements are supplied. The small cross sectional area causes the charging to be introduced at a high velocity, thus increasing turbulence in the intake charge to promote rapid flame propagation when the spark plug is fired. At least a portion of the idle charge is also delivered through the main induction passage so as to reduce the velocity of the intake charge. The charge delivered through the main induction system flows at an angle to that discharged from the auxiliary induction system so that the two flow paths will create internal turbulence due to their different directions.

Abstract: Several embodiments of fuel injected internal combustion engines having improved injection and induction systems for improving performance, particularly at low speeds. In each embodiment, the injection nozzle is disposed in a position so as to have its discharge spray directed against a throttle valve of the engine so as to improve fuel vaporization at low engine speeds. In each embodiment, an auxiliary induction system is also provided having a relatively small cross sectional area. The idle and low load charge requirements of the engine are supplied through this auxiliary induction system to further improve vaporization and also to promote turbulence in the chamber at the time of combustion. The fuel injection nozzles of the embodiment are disposed so that their discharge spray either intercepts the inlet opening to the auxiliary induction system or is diverted by the throttle valve toward this opening. In one embodiment of the invention, two fuel injection nozzles are employed which discharge alternately.

Abstract: An induction system for an internal combustion engine consisting of a relatively large main induction system and a relatively small sub or auxiliary induction system. A throttle valve arrangement is provided so that a charge, issuing from a charge forming device, is delivered to the engine combustion chambers through the small auxiliary induction system during idle and light load operation. This increases the velocity of the charge entering the combustion chambers and the turbulence in the chamber at the time of ignition. As a result, combustion propagation is increased and both fuel economy and cleanness of running are improved. In higher loads, an increasing proportion of the charge is delivered to the combustion chambers through the main induction passage so as to provide good volumetric efficiency and insure against the loss of performance.

Abstract: An induction system for an internal combustion engine having both main and auxiliary induction passages serving a given cylinder. The auxiliary induction passage has a substantially smaller sectional area so that a charge delivered to the cylinder through this passage will enter the cylinder at a substantially higher velocity to improve combustion and efficiency. The flow ratio between the respective passages is controlled by a throttle valve arrangement. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the throttle valve arrangement consists of a pair of throttle valves positioned in a common passage and rotatable in opposite directions relative to each other. This opposite rotation increases turbulence and further aids in improving combustion. In accordance with another disclosed feature, a hot spot is provided for heating both the main and auxiliary induction passages.

Abstract: An induction system for an internal combustion engine having a relatively large main intake passage that supplies the cylinders under medium and high load conditions and a relatively small auxiliary induction passage that feeds the cylinders under idle and low load conditions. The flow through the induction passages is controlled by a main and an auxiliary throttle valve which are interconnected by a linkage system that improves induction efficiency throughout the engine speed and load ranges.

Abstract: Two embodiments of induction systems for internal combustion engines having, in addition to the normal main induction passages, smaller cross-sectional area sub induction passages. The intake charge during idle and low load conditions is delivered to the engine cylinders through the sub induction passage to promote turbulence and improve combustion efficiency under these running conditions. The high load requirements of the engine are supplied through the main induction passage so as to improve volumetric efficiency and reduce pumping losses. Throttle valves control the proportion of the flow through the respective induction passages. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the throttle valve which controls the flow through the sub induction passage is positioned as close as possible to the chambers so as to improve intake efficiency.

Abstract: Two embodiments of internal combustion engine induction systems that provide for more efficient operation at low speed and low temperature. The induction system in each embodiment comprise a relatively large main induction passage and a relatively small sub-induction passage, each of which discharges into the combustion chamber of the engine. A throttle valve arrangement is provided so that at low temperatures and low load substantially all of the intake charge is delivered to the combustion chamber through the relatively small sub-induction passage. In this way the intake charge is drawn into the chamber at a high velocity and, if desired, swirling pattern to increase turbulence in the combustion chamber. This has the effect of accelerating combustion and promoting rapid flame propagation so as to improve running under these conditions and also so as to improve fuel economy under these conditions.