Abstract: A saw wire and various methods of use and manufacture are provided. The saw wire includes a metal wire containing at least one of tungsten and a tungsten alloy. A nickel plating layer is provided over the metal wire. An adhesion layer is provided at an interface between the metal wire and the nickel plating layer. The adhesion layer contains nickel and tungsten. A plurality of abrasive particles are provided at a surface of the nickel plating layer.

Abstract: A saw wire includes a metal wire containing rhenium-tungsten alloy. A rhenium content of the metal wire is at least 0.1 wt % and at most 10 wt % with respect to a total weight of rhenium and tungsten, an elastic modulus of the metal wire is at least 350 GPa and at most 450 GPa, a tensile strength of the metal wire is at least 3500 MPa, and a diameter of the metal wire is at most 60 ?m.

Abstract: Various measures have conventionally been adopted against bird damage, but as yet none has proved decisive. There is moreover no technology that affords sustained repellency of coating materials against bird damage. A bird-repellent coating material according to the present invention contains at least one component selected from the group consisting of a microencapsulated aqueous dispersion of a visual repellent against birds, a microencapsulated volatile olfactory repellent against birds and a powder of a visual repellent against birds, and an aqueous resin vehicle that contains the above component. No bird-repellent coating material has been conventionally produced in which the components and so forth of the material are established taking into consideration the diversity and learning ability of birds. The formulation of the bird-repellent coating material according to the present invention, by contrast, has been devised taking into account the senses of sight and smell in birds.

Abstract: Various measures have conventionally been adopted against bird damage, but as yet none has proved decisive. There is moreover no technology that affords sustained repellency of coating materials against bird damage. A bird-repellent coating material according to the present invention contains at least one component selected from the group consisting of a microencapsulated aqueous dispersion of a visual repellent against birds, a microencapsulated volatile olfactory repellent against birds and a powder of a visual repellent against birds, and an aqueous resin vehicle that contains the above component. No bird-repellent coating material has been conventionally produced in which the components and so forth of the material are established taking into consideration the diversity and learning ability of birds. The formulation of the bird-repellent coating material according to the present invention, by contrast, has been devised taking into account the senses of sight and smell in birds.

Abstract: A saw wire and various methods of use and manufacture are provided. The saw wire includes a metal wire containing at least one of tungsten and a tungsten alloy. A surface roughness Ra of the metal wire is at most 0.15 ?m. A tensile strength of the metal wire is at least 3500 MPa. A diameter of the metal wire is at most 60 ?m.

Abstract: A saw wire and various methods of use and manufacture are provided. The saw wire includes a metal wire containing at least one of tungsten and a tungsten alloy. A nickel plating layer is provided over the metal wire. An adhesion layer is provided at an interface between the metal wire and the nickel plating layer. The adhesion layer contains nickel and tungsten. A plurality of abrasive particles are provided at a surface of the nickel plating layer.

Abstract: A saw wire and various methods of use and manufacture are provided. The saw wire includes a metal wire containing one of tungsten and a tungsten alloy. A surface roughness Ra of the metal wire is at most 0.15 ?m. A diameter of the metal wire is at most 60 ?m.

Abstract: A saw wire includes a metal wire containing rhenium-tungsten alloy. A rhenium content of the metal wire is at least 0.1 wt % and at most 10 wt % with respect to a total weight of rhenium and tungsten, an elastic modulus of the metal wire is at least 350 GPa and at most 450 GPa, a tensile strength of the metal wire is at least 3500 MPa, and a diameter of the metal wire is at most 60 ?m.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus and a projection type display apparatus capable of preventing an image on boundary lines of a fly-eye lens from deviating from a designed position and preventing unevenness of brightness is provided: wherein a first lens holding member holding said first fly-eye lens; a second lens holding member joined to said first lens holding member, and holding said second fly-eye lens; and a third lens holding member joined to said second lens holding member, and holding an optical lens are provided; and said first lens holding member and said second lens holding member are joined to be relatively rotatable about an optical axis.

Abstract: A projection type display apparatus, wherein a common case can be used for housing an illumination optical system even when a shape of an image display element and an optical path length in a prism are different, is provided: wherein a light source for emitting an illumination light, an image display device, an illumination optical system for irradiating the illumination light from the light source to the image display device, and a projection optical system for projecting an image formed by said image display device are provided; the illumination optical system comprises a first fly-eye lens and a second fly-eye lens arranged at each other's focal points, a first lens group and a second lens group arranged over a mirror for bending an optical path; the first and second lens groups have a same focal length but a different back focus; and predetermined condition formulas are satisfied.

Abstract: A projection type display apparatus, wherein a common case can be used for housing an illumination optical system even when a shape of an image display element and an optical path length in a prism are different, is provided: wherein a light source for emitting an illumination light, an image display device, an illumination optical system for irradiating the illumination light from the light source to the image display device, and a projection optical system for projecting an image formed by said image display device are provided; the illumination optical system comprises a first fly-eye lens and a second fly-eye lens arranged at each other's focal points, a first lens group and a second lens group arranged over a mirror for bending an optical path; the first and second lens groups have a same focal length but a different back focus; and predetermined condition formulas are satisfied.

Abstract: An illumination optical apparatus and a projection type display apparatus capable of preventing an image on boundary lines of a fly-eye lens from deviating from a designed position and preventing unevenness of brightness is provided: wherein a first lens holding member holding said first fly-eye lens; a second lens holding member joined to said first lens holding member, and holding said second fly-eye lens; and a third lens holding member joined to said second lens holding member, and holding an optical lens are provided; and said first lens holding member and said second lens holding member are joined to be relatively rotatable about an optical axis.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display includes a liquid crystal cell including a pair of substrates opposite to each other, each substrate having an electrode film and an orientation control layer thereon, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal filled between the substrates; and a pair of polarizing plates which are provided opposite to each other in the state of "cross nicol" on both sides of the liquid crystal cell; the ferroelectric liquid crystal being bistable in the liquid crystal cell, the polarizing plates being oriented in such a manner that one of their polarizing directions conforms to one of extinction positions of the ferroelectric liquid crystal under no electric field, the liquid crystal cell being applied with an alternating voltage for changing which has a positive portion which gives an apparent tilt angle from one stable state, and a negative portion which gives an apparent tilt angle relative to the other stable state, resulting in display with gray scale.