Abstract: There are provided, according to the present invention, a method for producing a cis-3-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ol derivative, the method characterized in that a trans-3-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ol derivative or a mixture of the trans- and cis-3-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ol derivatives is isomerized in the presence of an aluminum compound represented by a formula Al(OR1)3 (wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbon group in which a carbon atom having an oxygen atom bonded thereto is a secondary carbon atom). In the process, a ketone compound may be further added, in addition to the aluminum compound.

Abstract: There are provided, according to the present invention, a method for producing a cis-3-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ol derivative, the method characterized in that a trans-3-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ol derivative or a mixture of the trans- and cis-3-substituted-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-ol derivatives is isomerized in the presence of an aluminum compound represented by a formula Al(OR1)3 (wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbon group in which a carbon atom having an oxygen atom bonded thereto is a secondary carbon atom). In the process, a ketone compound may be further added, in addition to the aluminum compound.

Abstract: Preheating temperature of a preheating plate provided on the front side of a fixing unit can be changed using a temperature controller. In a case where a printing system to print images on both sides of a print member is constructed by arranging two electrophotographic printing apparatuses in dependent relationship, the preheating temperature of the preheating plate in the electrophotographic printing apparatus in the second stage is changed to a low temperature to prevent the toner image fixed in the electrophotographic printing apparatus in the first stage from softening.

Abstract: A development process and a fixing process are carried out on a front side of a recording paper. The paper recorded on the first side is transported toward a returning transportation device. The development process and the fixing process are then carried out on a back side of the paper. A nozzle for blowing out an air flow, an inverter roll for inverting the paper and the returning transportation device are arranged between the fixing station and a reversal station. The paper is deformed by the local cooling due to the air for peeling by the nozzle, the inverter roll and the returning transportation device. The portions (working regions) which receive the local cooling are arranged such that at most two of the working regions occur at any point of the recording medium paper. The inferiority of the local images in the defects in transfer and the local lowering degree in the density of the images are decreased.