Abstract: A visualization apparatus includes a light source, an illumination optical system configured to guide light from the light source to an observation target object, an image forming optical system configured to form an optical image of the observation target object on an image plane, an image pickup element arranged on the image plane, a calculation device configured to calculate a plurality of first electronic images of the observation target object obtained from the image pickup element to generate a second electronic image, and an oblique illumination control section configured to control an illumination direction of oblique illumination provided by the illumination optical system. The plurality of first electronic images include first electronic images of the observation target object illuminated from different illumination directions by the oblique illumination control section.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microscope that enables a phase object or surface pits and projections to be observed at a relatively low image-formation magnification of 4 or lower over a wide viewing range yet in a relatively narrow spatial frequency distribution range. The microscope comprises a light source 2, an illumination optical system 3 for guiding light from the light source 2 to an object 4 under observation, a partial aperture located substantially at the pupil position 28 of the illumination optical system 3 and an image-formation optical system 15, 16, 18 for forming on the image-formation plane 19 an image 4 of the object under observation illuminated by light passing through the partial aperture, and further comprises an eyepiece optical system 6 or an image pickup optical system for viewing the image formed on the image-formation plane 19.

Abstract: A microscope is provided that enables a phase object or surface pits and projections to be observed at a relatively low image-formation magnification of 4 or lower over a wide viewing range yet in a relatively narrow spatial frequency distribution range. The microscope comprises a light source, an illumination optical system, a partial aperture located at the pupil position of the illumination optical system, an image-formation optical system, and an eyepiece optical system or an image pickup optical system, wherein the diameter of the image of a partial aperture at the pupil position of the image-formation optical system is set smaller than the pupil diameter of the image-formation optical system, and at the pupil position of the image-formation optical system there is located an element for introducing in the pupil position of the image-formation optical system a wavefront varying in size with the pupil diameter.

Abstract: A scattering medium internal observation apparatus according to the present invention includes: a light source; an illuminating apparatus that guides light from the light source to an observation object that is a scattering body; and an observation optical system for observing the observation object illuminated by the illuminating apparatus, wherein the illuminating apparatus has a light-guiding member that guides light from the light source to a surface of the observation object, and a light-shielding member that covers the surface of the observation object and which shields light reflected or scattered in the vicinity of the light-guiding member of the observation object is disposed in the vicinity of an end portion of the light-guiding member on an observation object-side.

Abstract: A focal position determining method determines a focal position of an objective lens focused on an observed target region in a specimen. The focal position determining method includes measuring any one of the focal position of the objective lens at a near point and the focal position of the objective lens at a far point or both so as to determine the focal position of the objective lens focused on the observed target region based on the measured focal position.

Abstract: A small-hole electrical discharge machining device comprises a diaphragm which can be moved up and down along a notch window provided in a work tank for mounting a work in the work tank in which a working fluid can be filled or discharged, and adjusts the height of the working fluid; a W-axis slide which can be moved up and down, and having an electrode guide in the lower end portion; a master cylinder which is moved up and down corresponding to up-and-down movement of the W-axis slide; and a slave cylinder which is connected with the master cylinder through a pipeline and with a diaphragm driving mechanism, and wherein the diaphragm is moved up and down corresponding to up and down movement of the W-axis slide.

Abstract: An infrared observation system comprises: a light source unit for generating illumination light for irradiating light including infrared light of a long wavelength exceeding at least a 1000-nm wavelength upon a living body tissue inside or outside the body in a broadband or a narrowband; an infrared image capturing unit for capturing an image using infrared light of a wavelength band exceeding 1000 nm in the light reflected from or transmitted through at the living body tissue; and an identifying unit for facilitating identification between a case in which living body tissue is blood or a blood vessel, and a case in which the living body tissue is other living body tissue, using the difference of moisture extinction properties in the wavelength band exceeding a wavelength of 1000 nm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a microscope that enables a phase object or surface pits and projections to be observed at a relatively low image-formation magnification of 4 or lower over a wide viewing range yet in a relatively narrow spatial frequency distribution range. The microscope comprises a light source 2, an illumination optical system 3 for guiding light from the light source 2 to an object 4 under observation, a partial aperture located substantially at the pupil position 28 of the illumination optical system 3 and an image-formation optical system 15, 16, 18 for forming on the image-formation plane 19 an image 4 of the object under observation illuminated by light passing through the partial aperture, and further comprises an eyepiece optical system 6 or an image pickup optical system for viewing the image formed on the image-formation plane 19.

Abstract: A small-hole electrical discharge machining device comprises a diaphragm which can be moved up and down along a notch window provided in a work tank for mounting a work in the work tank in which a working fluid can be filled or discharged, and adjusts the height of the working fluid; a W-axis slide which can be moved up and down, and having an electrode guide in the lower end portion; a master cylinder which is moved up and down corresponding to up-and-down movement of the W-axis slide; and a slave cylinder which is connected with the master cylinder through a pipeline and with a diaphragm driving mechanism, and wherein the diaphragm is moved up and down corresponding to up and down movement of the W-axis slide.

Abstract: A small hole electric discharge machine drill is provided with a depth-specific processor and a tiltable unit operable in fluid. The turntable unit includes a first axis with a first center of rotation and a second tilting axis with a second center of rotation. The turntable unit is provided inside a work tank that may be filled with fluid. The small hole electric discharge machine drill includes an electrode for small hole processing.

Abstract: A detection apparatus includes a differential interference contrast microscope, a device for changing the amount of retardation between the two polarized components, a device for photographing the image of an object to be observed, and a device for performing a calculation with respect to the image captured by this photographing device. In the detection apparatus, amounts of retardation between two polarized components split in an illumination optical system of the differential interference contrast microscope are detected to form two differential interference contrast images relative to the object in which the amounts of retardation between the polarized components are equal, but have different signs. Subsequently, in the two differential interference contrast images, a differential calculation and a summed calculation are performed with regard to respective corresponding pixels to obtain a differential image and a summed image.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of depth-specific processing with a small hole electric discharge machine drill. Firstly, a specified processing depth A and tolerance &agr; are registered with a program. Secondary, an origin of initiation of drilling is set on a surface of a workpiece by contacting a tip of an electrode D with the surface of the workpiece at a check point. Thirdly, the electrode is moved to a processing position to process until the specified processing depth. Fourthly, the electrode is moved to a position above the check point. Fifthly, the electrode is moved downward until the electrode contacts the surface of the workpiece, a Z-axis coordinate upon contact is defined as C. And finaly, a condition judgment is made concerning C which is found in the fifth step, as to whether or not |C|≦&agr; is satisfied. If the condition is satisfied, then processing is completed.

Abstract: A switching system in an ATM switching system accommodating an ABR is constructed of an individual units connected to a transmitting terminal or a receiving terminal to implement an efficient bandwidth authorization, and a plurality of intra-system relay devices having transmission allowed rate calculating units. In this switching system, there are separated a transfer of a management cell between the transmitting terminal or the receiving terminal and the individual unit and a transfer of the management cell between the plurality of intra-system relay devices.

Abstract: A switching system in an ATM switching system accommodating an ABR is constructed of an individual units connected to a transmitting terminal or a receiving terminal to implement an efficient bandwidth authorization, and a plurality of intra-system relay devices having transmission allowed rate calculating units. In this switching system, there are separated a transfer of a management cell between the transmitting terminal or the receiving terminal and the individual unit and a transfer of the management cell between the plurality of intra-system relay devices.

Abstract: An optical apparatus and a microscope are designed so that high resolution and a high sectioning effect are provided; a time for obtaining an output image can be reduced; it is possible to observe the interior of an object in which light is strongly scattered, without using the fluorescent pigment; resistance to vibration is strong and observations can be carried out with high resolution; and a lamination structure of an IC pattern configured on a semiconductor wafer can also be observed.

Abstract: A detection apparatus includes a differential interference microscope having a light source, an illumination optical system for splitting light from the light source into two polarized components, which are introduced onto an observation object and an imaging optical system for forming an image of the observation object; a device for changing the amount of retardation between the two polarized components; a device for photographing the image of the observation object; and a device for performing a calculation on the image captured by this photographing device. In the detection apparatus, amounts of retardation between the two polarized components are detected to form two differential interference images relative to the observation object in which the amounts of retardation between the polarized components are equal, but signs are different. Image information is extracted from these two differential interference images and thereby the profile of the observation object can be detected.

Abstract: A microscope apparatus includes an objective lens, an imaging lens, a pupil relay lens, and an image relay lens. The primary image of a specimen is formed between the imaging lens and the pupil relay lens, and the image of the pupil of the objective lens is projected between the pupil relay lens and the image relay lens so that a pupil modulator is disposed at the position of the projected pupil image. This arrangement makes it possible to produce pupil modulation, observe various specimens, and set the optimum position of an eyepoint.

Abstract: An ATM switching system concentrates cell streams, which are output by respective ones of a plurality of line interfaces, by a concentrator, enters a resulting cell stream into an ATM switch unit, deconcentrates cells, which have been switched by the ATM switch unit, by a deconcentrator on a per line interface basis and sends the cells to lines. Each line interface converts a VPI/VCI included in the header of a cell that has entered from a line to an internal cell address having a number of bits smaller than the number of bits of the VPI/VCI. Each unit in the ATM switching system performs management of various data and controls cell switching based upon a converted cell address without relying upon the VPI/VCI. The line interface restores an internal cell address, which is included in the header of a cell that enters from the side of the ATM switch, to the VPI/VCI and sends the cell to a line.

Abstract: A microscope apparatus that has an electronic image pickup device arranged on an image surface of an imaging optical system, a component for separating light from a light source into two portions, a device for changing a phase difference between the two portions of light, a device for storing information on the images picked up by the image pickup device, and information processor for processing the information of images. The images are picked up by the electronic image pickup device as the phase difference is changed, and the information on the images is multiplied by a periodic function, as a weight function, which is given the phase difference as variable, and a resultant product is integrated so that a differential interference microscope apparatus capable of accurately obtaining a phase distribution of the object or a phase-contrast microscope apparatus capable of effectively enhancing a resolving power without lowering an image contrast is obtained.

Abstract: In a spill control apparatus for a fuel injection system in which a sleeve is externally fitted to a rotor, and the position of the sleeve relative to the rotor is used to adjust the communication timing between a port on the rotor and a port on the sleeve, the port formed at the rotor is constituted of a first indented portion formed over a specific angle of rotation and a second indented portion formed to achieve specific spill characteristics. The second indented portion is formed continuous to the front end of the first indented portion in the direction of rotation and the contour of the second indented portion is continuous to the contour of the first indented portion which is constituted of oblique sides which extend toward the front relative to the direction of rotation. The length of the rotor port in the axial direction may be set smaller than the length of the port formed on the sleeve in the axial direction.