Abstract: In a membrane electrode assembly, electrode catalyst layers are provided respectively on both surfaces of an electrolyte membrane. Each of the electrode catalyst layers includes polymer electrolyte and catalyst. In each of the electrode catalyst layers, the weight of a component of the polymer electrolyte contained in one surface facing the electrolyte membrane is twice as large as, or more than twice as large as the weight of the component of the polymer electrolyte contained in another surface.

Abstract: A shift control system includes an engine speed detector, a multistage transmission, a gear position detector, a shifting operation detector, and an output controller. The engine speed detector is configured to detect an engine speed. The gear position detector is configured to detect a transmission gear. The shifting operation detector is configured to detect an operation of a shift operating element. The output controller is configured to restrict output of an engine in a case where an up-shifting operation is detected by the shifting operation detector. The output controller is configured to release output restriction of the engine before the gear position detector detects that switching to a next-stage transmission gear by the up-shifting operation of the shift operating element is completed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tooth bleaching material containing peroxyglutaric acid and/or peroxypolyacrylic acid as a bleaching ingredient, as well as a method of bleaching teeth which includes the step of applying the tooth bleaching material in the form of a dilute solution or without dilution onto surfaces of discolored teeth. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a tooth bleaching material for bleaching and removing colored sediments (colored or discolored deposits) on teeth which does not essentially require irradiation with light, and is readily used with a high safety and further suitable as a domestic bleaching material, as well as a tooth bleaching method using the above tooth bleaching material.

Abstract: A communications apparatus, enabling an efficient data transfer without an environmental restriction, notifies a transmission-side apparatus connected via a network of data amount in a window size, and receives data as large as the window size, the data which is transmitted from the transmission-side apparatus. The communications apparatus includes: a receiving buffer memory having a region for storing a data packet transmitted from the transmission-side apparatus; a communications protocol processing unit notifying the transmission-side apparatus of the window size larger than a capacity of the receiving buffer memory, receiving the data packet transmitted from the transmission-side apparatus according to the notified window size, and storing the received data packet in the receiving buffer memory; and a central controlling unit retrieving the data packet stored in the receiving buffer memory and processing the retrieved data packet.

Abstract: A communication device includes: an address administration unit that manages data link layer addresses; and an ARP processing unit that processes an ARP protocol. The ARP processing unit includes an ARP receiving unit, an ARP transmitting unit, a duplication detecting unit, a duplication notification generating unit and an update GARP generating unit. The update GARP generating unit transmits a GARP and thereby updates the ARP tables of the communication devices on the same network, in order to solve a problem in which communication is interrupted.

Abstract: A communications apparatus, enabling an efficient data transfer without an environmental restriction, notifies a transmission-side apparatus (200) connected via a network (300) of data amount in a window size, and receives data as large as the window size, the data which is transmitted from the transmission-side apparatus (200). The communications apparatus includes: a receiving buffer memory (120) having a region for storing a data packet transmitted from the transmission-side apparatus (200); a communications protocol processing unit (130) notifying the transmission-side apparatus (200) of the window size larger than a capacity of the receiving buffer memory (120), receiving the data packet transmitted from the transmission-side apparatus (200) according to the notified window size, and storing the received data packet in the receiving buffer memory (120); and a central controlling unit (140) retrieving the data packet stored in the receiving buffer memory (120) and processing the retrieved data packet.

Abstract: A communication apparatus and a communication method capable of avoiding the transmission rate from being unnecessarily suppressed so as to improve the communication rate between devices, for example, in a home network. A communication apparatus (100) comprises a congestion control determining part (104) that determines, based on IP addresses of the communication apparatus (100) and a communication apparatus (500) on the other end of communication, which are information about the positions of those communication apparatuses on a network, whether a congestion control is necessary in the network when the communication apparatus (100) implements a transmission to the communication apparatus (500) on the other end of communication; and a transmission rate control part (101) that controls the data transmission rate in accordance with the necessity of the congestion control.

Abstract: A tooth bleaching material that is safe and has good operability and high bleaching effect and a tooth bleaching method using the tooth bleaching material are provided by bleaching and removing colored sediments (colored or discolored deposits) on a tooth with a tooth bleaching material containing hydrogen peroxide and/or a compound generating hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution, and a dicarboxylic anhydride, and also containing a basic compound and a thickening agent, and a tooth bleaching method containing attaching the tooth bleaching material to a surface of a discolored tooth after dilution or without dilution irradiating with light.

Abstract: A communication device includes: an address administration unit that manages data link layer addresses; and an ARP processing unit that processes an ARP protocol. The ARP processing unit includes an ARP receiving unit, an ARP transmitting unit, a duplication detecting unit, a duplication notification generating unit and an update GARP generating unit. The update GARP generating unit transmits a GARP and thereby updates the ARP tables of the communication devices on the same network, in order to solve a problem in which communication is interrupted.

Abstract: To provide a communication apparatus which is capable of voluntarily controlling, according to its own reception capability, data transmission traffic, while reducing the burden for the control. The communication apparatus includes: a communication unit (35) which receives data; an ACK generating unit (45) which generates an ACK packet and transmit the ACK packet to a transmitting side apparatus (38), the ACK packet indicating a response to the transmitting side apparatus (38), the response corresponding to the data received by the communication unit (35); and a window updating notification generating unit (46) which generates a window updating notifying packet and transmit the window updating notifying packet to the transmitting side apparatus (38) irrespective of a result of the data reception by the communication unit (35), the window updating notifying packet requesting the transmitting side apparatus (38) to transmit data.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a tooth bleaching material containing peroxyglutaric acid and/or peroxypolyacrylic acid as a bleaching ingredient, as well as a method of bleaching teeth which include the step of applying the tooth bleaching material in the form of a dilute solution or without dilution onto surfaces of discolored teeth. In accordance with the present invention, there are provided a tooth bleaching material for bleaching and removing colored sediments (colored or discolored deposits) on teeth which do not essentially require irradiation with light, and is readily used with a high safety and further suitable as a domestic bleaching material, as well as a tooth bleaching method using the above tooth bleaching material.

Abstract: It is a major object of the present invention to reduce the time required for bleaching discolored teeth by using a photocatalyst to thereby provide a bleaching material which is simple to use. The present invention relates to a bleaching material for bleaching teeth by applying a solution or paste comprising BiVO4 photocatalyst and a compound which generates hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution onto the surface of discolored teeth, and irradiating the surface with light, thereby bleaching the teeth by resultant photocatalytic action. The present invention provides a bleaching material for discolored teeth comprising as active ingredients BiVO4 photocatalyst and a compound which generates hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution; and a method of bleaching discolored teeth using the above material.

Abstract: Adamantanediols are produced by the hydroxylation of adamantane compounds in a water/organic solvent two-phase system in the presence of a ruthenium compound and a hypochlorite. Throughout the hydroxylation, the hypochlorite concentration in the water phase is regulated within a narrow limited range, for example, by monitoring the pH of the reaction system. With such a control of the hypochlorite concentration, the adamantanediols are produced in a high selectivity and a high yield.

Abstract: Adamantanediols are produced by the hydroxylation of adamantane compounds in a water/organic solvent two-phase system in the presence of a ruthenium compound and a hypochlorite. Throughout the hydroxylation, the hypochlorite concentration in the water phase is regulated within a narrow limited range, for example, by monitoring the pH of the reaction system. With such a control of the hypochlorite concentration, the adamantanediols are produced in a high selectivity and a high yield.

Abstract: A process for efficiently separating and recovering a ruthenium compound used as the catalyst in the production of adamantanols. The adamantanols are produced by hydroxylating an adamantane compound in the presence of a ruthenium compound and a salt of hypochlorous acid in a water/organic solvent two-phase system. The hydroxylation product liquid is added with an oxidizing agent to allow the ruthenium compound to be extracted into the organic phase. The ruthenium compound is separated and recovered from the organic phase. Alternatively, the ruthenium compound is back-extracted into the aqueous phase by adding an aqueous alkali solution to the organic phase. Then, the ruthenium compound is separated and recovered from the aqueous phase.

Abstract: A reticulate heater has a net-mesh-like-structured heat generator 2 including a plurality of heater wires 20 each having the same wire diameter of from 0.02 to 0.12 mm. The plurality of heater wires 20 are formed into the net-mesh-like-structured heat generator 2 by a tricot knitting technique wherein loops are vertically formed by vertically knitting the heater wire on a continuous and planar basis. The knit meshes of the tricot knitting each have a pitch of 0.5 to 5 mm. Also, the heater wires may be the ones prepared by covering the heater bare wires with a for-enamel-wire coating. Further, the net-mesh-like-structured heat generator 2 may be the one including a plurality of first heater wires each consisting of a heater bare wire only and a plurality of second heater wires each prepared by covering the heater bare wire with a for-enamel-wire coating, the first and second heater wires being formed into the net-mesh-like-structured heat generator by a tricot knitting technique.

Abstract: Before operating a vacuum degassing apparatus for molten glass which has paths for molten glass made of refractory material, fuel is burned by temperature rising burners, and the burned gas is exhausted through an exhaust pipe which communicates to an upper end of a vacuum degassing vessel.

Abstract: Adamantanols are produced in high selectivity and high yields by hydroxylation of adamantane compounds in a specific two-phase solvent system of water and an organic solvent in the presence of a ruthenium compound and hypochlorous acid or its salt. Adamantanediols transfer into the organic phase by adding a specific alcohol to a reaction liquid containing the adamantanols, thereby facilitating extraction of the adamantanediols. The ruthenium compound transfers into the water phase by treating the reaction liquid with alkali prior to the addition of the alcohol and precipitates therein, thereby facilitating the recovery of the ruthenium compound.

Abstract: A water-soluble polymer prepared by melting and reacting a mixture of an oxycarboxylic acid having a melting point of 170.degree. C. or less and maleamic acid, or a mixture of a plurality of oxycarboxylic acids including at least one oxycarboxylic acid having a melting point of 170.degree. C. or less and maleamic acid, at a temperature of 170.degree. C. or less at the start of the reaction to obtain a polymer; and then hydrolyzing the polymer.