Abstract: A charging member which has high charging ability and prevents generation of abnormal discharge is provided. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a specific structure.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).

Abstract: A charging member which has high charging ability and prevents generation of abnormal discharge is provided. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymetalloxane having a specific structure.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member capable of more definitely suppressing occurrence of a C set image. The electrophotographic member has a surface layer including a modified polysiloxane having a structure represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), G represents a bivalent group having an ethylene oxide chain represented by (—O—C2H4—) and L represents polysiloxane having at least a SiO4/2(Q) unit or a SiO3/2(T) unit.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member capable of more definitely suppressing occurrence of a C set image. The electrophotographic member has a surface layer including a modified polysiloxane having a structure represented by the following formula (1). In the formula (1), G represents a bivalent group having an ethylene oxide chain represented by (—O—C2H4—) and L represents polysiloxane having at least a SiO4/2(Q) unit or a SiO3/2(T) unit.

Abstract: Provided is the following charging member of an electrophotographic apparatus. The charging member suppresses the occurrence of each of a streak-like image, a spot-like image, and a rough image that occur when image formation is performed over a long time period. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the charging member. A compound having a siloxane dendrimer structure at a vinyl group or a side chain of a vinyl polymer is incorporated into the surface layer of the charging member comprising a conductive substrate and the surface layer.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2): Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2): Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.

Abstract: Provided is the following charging member of an electrophotographic apparatus. The charging member suppresses the occurrence of each of a streak-like image, a spot-like image, and a rough image that occur when image formation is performed over a long time period. Also provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the charging member. A compound having a siloxane dendrimer structure at a vinyl group or a side chain of a vinyl polymer is incorporated into the surface layer of the charging member comprising a conductive substrate and the surface layer.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2): Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can inhibit defective images due to poor charging and adhering substances from occurring even after being repeatedly used for a long time, and can inhibit deformation and defective images due to the C set, caused by a change in rotational speed accompanying such deformation even after being left standing in a stopping state for a long time. The charging member includes a conductive support and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a binder and resin particles dispersed in the binder, each resin particle having a depressed portion on its surface. Protrusions resulting from the resin particles are formed on the surface of the surface layer. The protrusions each have a depressed portion resulting from the depressed portion of the resin particle, and the surface of the resin particle is covered with the binder.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can inhibit defective images due to poor charging and adhering substances from occurring even after being repeatedly used for a long time, and can inhibit deformation and defective images due to the C set, caused by a change in rotational speed accompanying such deformation even after being left standing in a stopping state for a long time. The charging member includes a conductive support and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a binder and resin particles dispersed in the binder, each resin particle having a depressed portion on its surface. Protrusions resulting from the resin particles are formed on the surface of the surface layer. The protrusions each have a depressed portion resulting from the depressed portion of the resin particle, and the surface of the resin particle is covered with the binder.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having a support, a conductive elastic layer formed on the support and a surface layer formed on the conductive elastic layer. The surface layer contains a polysiloxane having at least one of structures represented by the following formulas (1a1), (1a2), (1b1) and (1b2): Toners and external additives used in the toners clinging to the charging member surface can be minimized even through repeated use over a long period of time, thus the charging member can perform stable charging and image reproduction even when used in the DC contact charging method.

Abstract: A charging member is provided which can inhibit defective images due to poor charging and adhering substances from occurring even after being repeatedly used for a long time, and can inhibit deformation and defective images due to the C set, caused by a change in rotational speed accompanying such deformation even after being left standing in a stopping state for a long time. The charging member includes a conductive support and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a binder and resin particles dispersed in the binder, each resin particle having a depressed portion on its surface. Protrusions resulting from the resin particles are formed on the surface of the surface layer. The protrusions each have a depressed portion resulting from the depressed portion of the resin particle, and the surface of the resin particle is covered with the binder.

Abstract: A cellular conductive roller has closed cells and open cells with conductive powder filling the open cells of the cellular conductive roller. A method for making a cellular conductive roller includes filling the open cells in the cellular conductive roller with conductive powder, adhering a tacky sheet to the surface of said cellular conductive roller; then peeling said tacky sheet off the surface of said cellular conductive roller. Also disclosed is an electrophotographic device using the cellular conductive roller and a process cartridge into which the cellular conductive roller is integrated.

Abstract: A charging member supplied with a voltage to charge a charge-receiving member such as an electrophotographic photosensitive member has an elastic layer of an ethylene-propylene copolymer containing a diene component. The ethylene-propylene copolymer has an iodine value of 23-32. The charging member is improved in resistance to permanent deformation while providing excellent images for a long period.

Abstract: A white electroconductive coating composition includes a white pigment having a whiteness of at least 60, a white conductive material having a whiteness of at least 50 and a volume resistivity of at most 1.times.10.sup.10 ohm.cm. The coating composition is suitable to provide a a coating film showing a whiteness of at least 60 and a surface resistivity of at most 1.times.10.sup.11 ohm/cm.sup.2. Such a white conductive layer may be formed on a back side of a surface insulating film of a transfer material carrying member of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus to provide a reference white pattern for detecting a density of a toner image formed on the carrying member, thereby allowing controlled image formation based on the detected density data.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a charging member which is energized to charge a chargeable member by contact-electrification and which comprises a conductive elastic layer having a surface layer containing a polymer having a main chain containing a structural unit of the following formula:--O--(CH.sub.2).sub.n --O--CO--wherein n is an integer of from 4 to 10.With stable charging properties, the charging member of the present invention has relatively uniform surface resistance, little dependency on the environmental conditions, and decreased contamination of photosensitive bodies and the like.