Abstract: To provide a photovoltaic device and a light condensing device having a high condensing rate which can be manufactured easily and at low cost. This light condensing device is provided with: a light-guiding subtract for causing light to propagate between a rear-side surface and a front-side surface for receiving light from a light source; a reflective layer for light guiding, in which a reflection-type hologram is formed for reflecting light incident at a first incidence angle less than the critical angle of the light-guiding substrate at a reflection angle greater than the critical angle, the reflective layer being provided to the rear-side surface; and an emission window for causing light incident at a second incidence angle equal to or greater than the critical angle to be emitted from the light-guiding substrate, the emission window being provided to the front-side surface and/or the rear-side surface.

Abstract: A magnetic shielding material which can decrease the thickness by having excellent conductivity even at low temperatures of, for example, 77 K or lower, in a strong magnetic field of a magnetic flux density of 1 T or more is provide. A magnetic shielding material to be used at low temperatures of 77 K or lower in the magnetic field of a magnetic flux density of 1 T or more, comprises aluminum having a purity of 99.999% by mass or more.

Abstract: A magnetic shielding material which can decrease the thickness by having excellent conductivity even at low temperatures of, for example, 77 K or lower, in a strong magnetic field of a magnetic flux density of 1 T or more is provide. A magnetic shielding material to be used at low temperatures of 77 K or lower in the magnetic field of a magnetic flux density of 1 T or more, comprises aluminum having a purity of 99.999% by mass or more.

Abstract: A thermal conductor material having excellent heat transfer properties by obtaining high thermal conductivity even at low temperature of, for example, a liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) or lower is to provide. A thermal conductor to be used at low temperature of 77 K or lower in the magnetic field of a magnetic flux density of 1 T or more, includes aluminum which has a purity of 99.999% by mass or more and also has the content of iron of 1 ppm by mass or less.

Abstract: A wiring material which is easy to handle and also exhibits excellent conductivity even in a strong magnetic field of, for example, a magnetic flux density of 1 T or more is provided. A wiring material to be used in the magnetic field of a magnetic flux density of 1 T or more comprises aluminum having a purity of 99.999% by mass or more.

Abstract: Provided is a process for producing a boron added silicon (purified silicon) in an energy saving mode from a reduced silicon obtained by reducing a silicon halide with a metal aluminium. The production process of the invention comprises reducing a silicon halide with a metal aluminium to give a reduces silicon, heating and melting the resulting reduced silicon, and adding boron thereto followed by solidification for purification under the condition of a temperature gradient provided in one direction in a mold. Preferably, after washed with an acid, the reduced silicon is heated and molten, and boron is added thereto. After the reduced silicon is heated and molten under reduced pressure, boron is added thereto. After heated and molten, the reduced silicon is purified by solidification in one direction, then heated and molten, and thereafter boron is added thereto.

Abstract: A method includes: preparing a molten aluminum alloy consisting of 0.3-0.8 mass % Mg, 0.5-1.2 mass % Si, 0.3 mass % or more excess Si relative to the Mg2Si stoichiometric composition, 0.05-0.4 mass % Cu, 0.2-0.4 mass % Mn, 0.1-0.3 mass % Cr, 0.2 mass % or less Fe, 0.2 mass % or less Zr, and 0.005-0.1 mass % Ti, with the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities; casting the alloy into a billet at a speed of 80 mm/min or more and a cooling rate of 15° C./sec or more; extruding the billet into an extruded product; water cooling the product immediately after extrusion at 500° C./min or more; and artificially aging the product, thereby yielding an extruded product with fatigue strength of 140 MPa or more, fatigue ratio of 0.45 or more, an interval between striations on a fatigue fracture surface of 5.0 ?m or less, and a maximum length of Al—Fe—Si crystallized products of 10 ?m or less.

Abstract: A method includes: preparing a molten aluminum alloy consisting of 0.3-0.8 mass % Mg, 0.5-1.2 mass % Si, 0.3 mass % or more excess Si relative to the Mg2Si stoichiometric composition, 0.05-0.4 mass % Cu, 0.2-0.4 mass % Mn, 0.1-0.3 mass % Cr, 0.2 mass % or less Fe, 0.2 mass % or less Zr, and 0.005-0.1 mass % Ti, with the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities; casting the alloy into a billet at a speed of 80 mm/min or more and a cooling rate of 15° C./sec or more; extruding the billet into an extruded product; water cooling the product immediately after extrusion at 500° C./sec or more; and artificially aging the product, thereby yielding an extruded product with fatigue strength of 140 MPa or more, fatigue ratio of 0.45 or more, an interval between striations on a fatigue fracture surface of 5.0 ?m or less, and a maximum length of Al—Fe—Si crystallized products of 10 ?m or less.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide aluminum-containing silicon for n-type solar cells. It further provides a method of producing phosphorous-doped silicon refined form aluminum-containing silicone from an economical point of view. It provides silicon for n-type solar cells containing aluminum at a mass concentration of from 0.001 to 1.0 ppm and phosphorous at a mass concentration of from 0.0011 to 1.1 ppm, and having a mass concentration ratio of phosphorous to aluminum of 1.1 or greater. It further provides a method of producing phosphorous-doped silicon, including: preparing a melted mixture containing aluminum, phosphorous, and silicon, by heating and melting aluminum-containing silicon to obtain a melted product and adding phosphorous to the obtained melted product, or by adding phosphorous to aluminum-containing silicon to obtain a mixture and heating and melting the obtained mixture; and then solidifying the melted mixture in a mold under a temperature gradient in one direction.

Abstract: It is possible to efficiently obtain a purified material from a material containing a metalloid element such as silicon or metal element as the main component, and an impurity. The method for purifying a material, comprising bringing a material containing a metalloid element or metal element as the main component, and an impurity into contact with a compound represented by the following formula (1): AlX3 ??(1) wherein X is a halogen atom; to remove the impurity from the material.

Abstract: A standard temperature gradient (T0) and a standard solidification rate (R0) which meet the formula (1) are determined in advance based on C10max and Y0. k=[K1×Ln(R0)+K2]×[K3×exp[K4×R0×(K5×C2+K6)]]×[K7×T0+K8]?K9 (1) wherein k represents a coefficient selected from a range from 0.9 time to 1.1 times an aluminum effective distribution coefficient (k?) so measured as to meet the formula (2): C10max=k?×C2×(1?Y0)k?-1 (2) wherein k? represents analuminum effective distribution coefficient; C2 represents the concentration of aluminum in a silicon molten solution raw material.

Abstract: An aluminum alloy extruded product includes 0.3 to 0.8 mass % of Mg, 0.5 to 1.2 mass % of Si, 0.3 mass % or more of excess Si with respect to the Mg2Si stoichiometric composition, 0.05 to 0.4 mass % of Cu, 0.2 to 0.4 mass % of Mn, 0.1 to 0.3 mass % of Cr, 0.2 mass % or less of Fe, 0.2 mass % or less of Zr, and 0.005 to 0.1 mass % of Ti, with the balance being aluminum and unavoidable impurities, the aluminum alloy extruded product having a fatigue strength of 140 MPa or more, a fatigue ratio of 0.45 or more, and an interval between striations on a fatigue fracture surface of 5.0 ?m or less.

Abstract: To improve the data compression ratio in the data compression/decompression method utilizing the down-sampling process. Image data in a DS area division unit (130) is divided into a plenty of DS areas and DS areas which are not important are converted into contracted data of the block size by down-sampling in a down-sampling unit (131). A relocation unit (132) allocates two or more contracted data in one DS area, inserts file data into the other portion in the DS area, and removes the DS area where no contracted data is allocated, thereby reducing the entire image size. The image data thus contracted is inputted into a JPEG encoder (14) and subjected to a DCT process and a quantization process for each block. When performing restoration, decompression is performed by the JPEG decoder and the original location is restored. As for the contracted data, interpolation is performed to restore the image data.

Abstract: Provided is a process for producing a boron added silicon (purified silicon) in an energy saving mode from a reduced silicon obtained by reducing a silicon halide with a metal aluminium. The production process of the invention comprises reducing a silicon halide with a metal aluminium to give a reduces silicon, heating and melting the resulting reduced silicon, and adding boron thereto followed by solidification for purification under the condition of a temperature gradient provided in one direction in a mold. Preferably, after washed with an acid, the reduced silicon is heated and molten, and boron is added thereto. After the reduced silicon is heated and molten under reduced pressure, boron is added thereto. After heated and molten, the reduced silicon is purified by solidification in one direction, then heated and molten, and thereafter boron is added thereto.

Abstract: Provided is a process for producing a purified silicon by cutting off a crude silicon region, without determining the aluminium concentration in a directionally-solidified silicon. In the process of the invention, a standard solidification fraction (f0) satisfying the following formula (1) and formula (2) is obtained from the predetermined maximum level of aluminium concentration (C10max), the temperature gradient (T) and the solidification speed (R), and the directionally-solidified silicon is cut at the part having a solidification fraction (f) in the solidification step corresponding to f0. k = { K 1 × Ln ? ( R ) + K 2 } × { K 3 × exp ? [ K 4 × R × ( K 5 × C 2 + K 6 ) ] } × { K 7 × T + K 8 } - K 9 ( 1 ) [wherein k is a coefficient selected from a range of from 0.9 times to 1.

Abstract: [PROBLEMS] To improve the data compression ratio in the data compression/decompression method utilizing the down-sampling process. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] Image data in a DS area division unit (130) is divided into a plenty of DS areas and DS areas which are not important are converted into contracted data of the block size by down-sampling in a down-sampling unit (131). A relocation unit (132) allocates two or more contracted data in one DS area, inserts file data into the other portion in the DS area, and removes the DS area where no contracted data is allocated, thereby reducing the entire image size. The image data thus contracted is inputted into a JPEG encoder (14) and subjected to a DCT process and a quantization process for each block. When performing restoration, decompression is performed by the JPEG decoder and the original location is restored. As for the contracted data, interpolation is performed to restore the image data.

Abstract: A process for producing a drink by desalting seawater to separate it into water and a concentrate sufficiently containing essential minerals such as magnesium, calcium and iron and vitamins, etc., and adding to the water either one of the concentrate itself or essential mineral components such as water-soluble magnesium, calcium, iron, etc. separately obtained from a seawater concentrate; and health-promoting drinks obtained by the method.

Abstract: A front rail is formed by bending a steel sheet. The front rail has a front part having a hole, the hole allowing insertion of a dowel pin arranged on a printed circuit board, a top part mounting a guide rail for guiding the printed circuit board thereon, a rear part extending from the top part via a hem formed by folding back the steel sheet, for supporting a lower portion of the top part, and a bottom part extending from the rear part.

Abstract: An insertion and removal system in a plug-in unit includes a handle-extension slide element inserted freely into the lever part in an advanced or retracted direction to slide in a longitudinal direction of the lever part between an extension position extended from a length of the lever part at the maximum and a retracted position substantially corresponding to the length of the lever part and a locking element arranged on the handle-extension slide element and the front panel, the locking element for locking the handle-extension slide element being slidable to the retracted position on the front panel.

Abstract: A method for purifying aluminum to provided which comprises the steps of maintaining aluminum as a starting material in a molten condition in N+1 vessels; wherein N+1 vessels for molten aluminum and N cooling bodies are provided which are immersed in molten aluminum in the vessels and upon which highly purified aluminum is crystallized on the surfaces thereof. The N+1 vessels are arranged sequentially from 1-st to (N+1)-th and the N cooling bodies are sequentially arranged from 1-st to N-th, respectively, and the vessels and cooling bodies are moved relative to each other.