Abstract: A key generator (51, 61) generates, from an IP-key (11) for entering a closed IP network (1), a set (52, 62) of session keys (53, 63) indexed for identification, an index pointer (71, 72) points an index (i, j) to identify a session key (53, 63), the set (52, 62) of session keys has a divergence barrier incorporated therein for barring a computational approach to any session key (53, 63), and an unbar data set (i, j, 62) unbars the divergence barrier.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a multilevel optical recording medium in which influence of variation in characteristics of a recording layer in a plane of the recording layer on reproduced data can be corrected. The multilevel optical recording medium according to the present invention includes at least a recording layer 12 and is constituted so that data can be recorded therein in a multilevel manner by controlling a state of the recording layer 12 among multiple stages and the multilevel optical recording medium according to the present invention is characterized in that a plurality of calibration signals are stored in the recording layer 12.

Abstract: A reproduction method for a multi-level optical recording medium according to the present invention rotates an optical recording medium, on which recording data has been recorded according to a multi-level recording method which sets several levels for light reflectivity of virtual recording cells, emits a reproduction laser beam towards the optical recording medium, and reproduces the recording data based on an electric signal generated in accordance with a received level of reflected light, the method setting the emission power of the reproduction laser beam in a range of 1.0 mW to 2.5 mW inclusive when the optical recording medium is rotated at a linear velocity in a range of 9 m/s to 25 m/s inclusive. By doing so, it is possible to improve the read accuracy for recording data while suppressing the reproduction deterioration of the optical recording medium to a level where deterioration effectively does not occur.

Abstract: An optical disc is includes a recording layer, a reflective layer, and a protective layer provided, in that order, on one surface of a light-transmissive substrate and a hard coating layer having a thickness in the range of 1 to 5 &mgr;m on the other surface of the substrate. The hard coating layer is formed by applying and curing a solution comprising a hard coating agent containing colloidal silica and a UV-curable acrylic resin and a solvent containing butyl acetate as a principal constituent. The hard coating layer contains 90 mg/cm3 or less of residual solvent.

Abstract: An optical disc is includes a recording layer, a reflective layer, and a protective layer provided, in that order, on one surface of a light-transmissive substrate and a hard coating layer having a thickness in the range of 1 to 5 &mgr;m on the other surface of the substrate. The hard coating layer is formed by applying and curing a solution comprising a hard coating agent containing colloidal silica and a UV-curable acrylic resin and a solvent containing propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate as a principal constituent. The hard coating layer contains 110 mg/cm3 or less of residual solvent.

Abstract: An optical disc is includes a recording layer, a reflective layer, and a protective layer provided, in that order, on one surface of a light-transmissive substrate and a hard coating layer having a thickness in the range of 1 to 5 &mgr;m on the other surface of the substrate. The hard coating layer is formed by applying and curing a solution comprising a hard coating agent containing colloidal silica and a UV-curable acrylic resin and a solvent containing propylene glycol monomethyl ether as a principal constituent. The hard coating layer contains 40 mg/cm3 or less of residual solvent.

Abstract: The present invention provides an optical recording medium that includes a recording layer composed mainly of an organic compound and can utilize blue-violet semiconductor laser light (390 to 420 nm in wavelength) as recording/reproducing laser light. The present invention also provides an optical recording/reproducing method using the optical recording medium. The optical recording medium 1 comprises at least a supporting substrate 2; a recording layer 3 on the supporting substrate 2, the recording layer 3 containing an organic compound as a major component; and a light-transmitting layer 5 on the recording layer 3, the light-transmitting layer 5 being capable of transmitting laser light with a wavelength of 390 to 420 nm for recording and reproducing information.

Abstract: The column electrode driving circuit is suitable for driving a display apparatus which has a delta arrangement display unit. The video signals for two rows in the display unit are sampled simultaneously by two sample-hold circuits with sampling timings which differ mutually by one-half of the sampling period. The outputs of the two sample-hold circuits are alternatingly supplied to column electrodes of the display unit.

Abstract: When a specific signal (such as copy guard signal) is added between horizontal synchronizing signals in a composite synchronizing signal, and the addition period of the specific signal is defined in a specific period on the basis of the vertical synchronizing signal, the composite synchronizing signal is masked to remove the specific signal, thereby obtaining a masked composite synchronizing signal. Afterwards, from the masked composite synchronizing signal, the horizontal synchronizing signal and vertical synchronizing signal are obtained. In the case of composite synchronizing signal containing noise, without masking, the horizontal synchronizing signal and vertical synchronizing signal are directly obtained from the composite synchronizing signal. Therefore, when noise is not present, the horizontal synchronizing signal and vertical synchronizing signal may be obtained without disturbing the video image.

Abstract: In a display apparatus such as a liquid crystal display or the like, which adds a switching element for each of the display picture elements arranged in a matrix shape so as to effect the active matrix driving operation, a drive system exits which is capable of varying the number of the scanning lines on the display. The drive system in the simple construction produces a display of a number of input lines, greater in number than the number of scan electrodes on the display apparatus, without producing practical deterioration in the display quality.

Abstract: A phase looped oscillating circuit includes a signal comparing device which can compare a plurality of different input signals with each other and emit a signal based on this comparison. The signal comparing device emits a control signal to a level converting device, a signal converting device is operatively connected to the level converting device. A signal from the converting device is received by an oscillating device and an oscillating signal is fed back to the signal comparing device via a divider. To compensate for fluctuation of an invertor in the signal converting device, the signal comparing device provides a fixed level signal stabilized at a 50% duty cycle. This stabilization also stabilizes electrical noises that may be present.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device utilizing an insulating substrate, a plurality of transparent electrodes disposed on the insulating substrate in a matrix fashion to form a plurality of pixels, and at least two thin film transistors disposed in the vicinity of each of the transparent electrodes on the insulating substrate, each the thin film transistor having a drain electrode, a source electrode and a gate electrode. The drain electrode is connected to the transparent electrode, a gate electrode line for each line or column of the transparent electrodes is disposed on the insulating substrate in the vicinity thereof and each gate electrode of the thin film transistors connected to each of the transparent electrodes of the line or column are connected in common thereto. The source electrode lines for each column or line of the transparent electrodes are disposed on the insulating substrate in the vicinity thereof and at a right angle to the gate electrode line.

Abstract: A drive circuit for use in a matrix type liquid crystal display unit having a liquid crytal display panel with switching elements for addressing. The switching elements are provided at picture elements disposed in a matrix type display pattern. The drive circuit includes a row electrode driver coupled not only with terminals of row electrodes provided at one side of the liquid crystal display panel but also to the terminals of the row electrodes provided at opposite sides of the liquid crytal display panel and a changeover terminal for enabling the row electrode driver to drive the terminals of the row electrodes provided at the one side of the liquid crystal display panel or to drive the terminals of the row electrodes provided at the opposite sides of the liquid crystal display panel.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of scanning electrodes, a plurality of signal electrodes, and a plurality of picture element electrodes connected to intersections of scanning and signal electrodes via a plurality of switching transistors. A plurality of counter electrodes are arranged opposite to the picture element electrodes. The polarity of display signals applied to the signal electrodes is inverted for a period equal to an integer multiple of a pulse width of a scanning pulse applied to the scanning electrodes. Signals of alternating polarity are applied to the counter electrodes in synchronism with the polarity inversion of the display signals. In this way, non-uniform display contrast along the signal electrode direction of the display screen is avoided by eliminating the stray capacitance timing differences according to the position of picture element electrodes along the signal electrode direction of the display screen.

Abstract: A method of driving a matrix-type liquid crystal display panel comprising the step of dividing each scan pulse delivered to a plurality of row electrodes connected to the liquid crystal panel into plural scan periods; supplying video signal data via real-time operation during the initial divided period during alernate scan periods; generating new and proper signal source during the rest of the scan periods; and supplying data from the new signal source so that data can be written into liquid crystal layers. When dividing the width of the scan pulse into n pulses, the frame frequency can be raised n-times, thus making it possible to achieve a satisfactory liquid crystal picture display without the slightest flicker.

Abstract: In an active matrix liquid crystal display panel, row electrodes are divided into two portions at the approximate center of the display panel, the left row electrode portion belonging to an odd number row electrode group, and the right row electrode portion to an even number row electrode group. One horizontal scanning is conducted for each pair of left and right row electrodes to write data signals in the display picture elements. The width of a pulse applied to each row electrode corresponds to one horizontal scanning period. There is a phase difference of about 1/2 the horizontal scanning period between the pulses for an odd number row electrode and an even number row electrode, thus minimizing the difference in a write period among the display picture elements in the lateral direction of the display panel.

Abstract: A color liquid crystal display device which comprises picture element electrodes arranged in a matrix that is made up of the intersecting points of row electrodes and column electrodes, a 1st circuit board with switching elements that are connected to these picture element electrodes, a 2nd circuit board with opposing electrodes, a liquid crystal layer that is inserted in between the said 1st and 2nd circuit boards, a color filter with a specific pattern in between the said 1st and 2nd circuit boards, and a column electrode drive circuit that applies voltage corresponding to color arrangement of the color filter and the density of the display to the said column electrode. The column electrode drive circuit includes a sampling circuit which samples the momentary voltage corresponding to the display picture element out of the display signals that are input.

Abstract: A multiplex-driven liquid crystal X-Y matrix display in which the electrodes are divided into several blocks and a driving voltage is independently applied to each of the blocks. Each driving voltage has a magnitude that is different from the remaining drive voltages. The display panel is free from nonuniform or deteriorated contrast even if it has a large number of scanning electrodes. Besides, for a color display, the color balance is favorably adjusted, realizing a high quality picture image.

Abstract: A driving circuit for a matrix liquid crystal display device with switching transistors added to respective picture elements is divided into a plurality of blocks each of which selectively drives the switching transistors. The driving circuit is equipped with control means for actuating the blocks one by one in turn while electrically isolating the unactuated blocks from the circuit.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus including a tubular light source and a member having a plurality of reflective surfaces which are angularly set such that light from the light source is reflected in a predetermined direction of a viewing angle by each of the reflective surfaces. A ratio of an apparent width of each of the reflective surfaces to an apparent interval of adjacent ones of the reflective surfaces, when viewed from the predetermined direction of the viewing angle, is so set as to be a function of a distance between the light source and each of the reflective surfaces.