Abstract: The present invention is a piezoelectric actuator drive method, a piezoelectric actuator drive circuit, and a piezoelectric actuator drive system capable of causing a piezoelectric element to vibrate in a maximum amplitude state. The piezoelectric actuator drive circuit includes: an obtainment unit that obtains operation information pertaining to operation of the piezoelectric element in a period that is a part of one cycle of a drive cycle in which the piezoelectric element is driven; and a control unit that performs feedback control of a drive parameter for driving the piezoelectric element based on the operation information.

Abstract: An optical body includes a first optical layer having a concave-convex surface, a wavelength-selective reflecting layer formed on the concave-convex surface, and a second optical layer formed on the wavelength-selective reflecting layer to embed the concave-convex surface, the wavelength-selective reflecting layer having a multilayer structure formed by successively stacking at least a first high refractive index layer, a metal layer, and a second high refractive index layer, wherein, given that optical film thicknesses of the first high refractive index layer and the second high refractive index layer are x and y, respectively, and a geometrical film thickness of the metal layer is z, x, y and z satisfy the following formula (1): z ? 12.1 ? exp ? { - 1 2 ? ( x - 120 145.17 ) 2 - 1 2 ? ( y - 120 123.

Abstract: A self-limiting reaction deposition apparatus includes a first guide roller, a second guide roller, and at least one first head. The first guide roller changes, while supporting a first surface of a base material conveyed by a roll-to-roll process, a conveying direction of the base material from a first direction to a second direction that is not parallel to the first direction. The second guide roller changes, while supporting the first surface of the base material, the conveying direction of the base material from the second direction to a third direction that is not parallel to the second direction. The at least one first head is disposed between the first guide roller and the second guide roller, faces a second surface opposite to the first surface of the base material, and discharges, towards the second surface, a raw material gas for self-limiting reaction deposition.

Abstract: Provided is an optical body which is capable of blocking sunlight including visible light as well as suppressing glare and reflection. An optical body includes a transflective layer formed on a concave-convex surface and a second optical layer formed to enclose concave portions and convex portions on the concave-convex surface on which the transflective layer is formed. The transflective layer directionally reflects a portion of light, incident on an incidence surface at an incidence angle (?, ?), in a direction other than a direction of regular reflection (??, ?+180°).

Abstract: An optical element includes: a first optical layer having a concavo-convex surface; a wavelength-selective reflective layer provided on the concavo-convex surface of the first optical layer; a second optical layer provided on the concavo-convex surface on which the wavelength-selective reflective layer is provided so as to fill the concavo-convex surface, and in the optical element described above, the wavelength-selective reflective layer includes a metal layer, a protective layer provided on the metal layer and containing a metal oxide as a primary component, and a high refractive index layer provided on the protective layer and containing a metal oxide other than zinc oxide as a primary component, and the wavelength-selective reflective layer selectively directionally reflects light in a specific wavelength band while transmitting light other than that in the specific wavelength band.

Abstract: An optical body includes a first optical layer having a concave-convex surface, a wavelength-selective reflecting layer formed on the concave-convex surface, and a second optical layer formed on the wavelength-selective reflecting layer to embed the concave-convex surface, the wavelength-selective reflecting layer having a multilayer structure formed by successively stacking at least a first high refractive index layer, a metal layer, and a second high refractive index layer, wherein, given that optical film thicknesses of the first high refractive index layer and the second high refractive index layer are x and y, respectively, and a geometrical film thickness of the metal layer is z, x, y and z satisfy the following formula (1): z ? 12.1 ? exp ? { - 1 2 ? ( x - 120 145.17 ) 2 - 1 2 ? ( y - 120 123.

Abstract: An optical element includes: a first optical layer having a concavo-convex surface; a wavelength-selective reflective layer provided on the concavo-convex surface of the first optical layer; a second optical layer provided on the concavo-convex surface on which the wavelength-selective reflective layer is provided so as to fill the concavo-convex surface, and in the optical element described above, the wavelength-selective reflective layer includes a metal layer, a protective layer provided on the metal layer and containing a metal oxide as a primary component, and a high refractive index layer provided on the protective layer and containing a metal oxide other than zinc oxide as a primary component, and the wavelength-selective reflective layer selectively directionally reflects light in a specific wavelength band while transmitting light other than that in the specific wavelength band.

Abstract: A pneumatic tire for passenger cars, formed on its tread surface with at least one main groove extending in the circumferential direction of the tire, a number of sub-grooves extending in the widthwise direction of the tire, and a plurality of sub-main grooves extending at an angle of inclination within a range of 3.degree. to 30.degree. to the circumferential direction of the tire and to a length greater than a defined contact length of the tire, the or each main groove having a groove depth of 65% or more of the thickness of a tread rubber and a groove width which is greater than its groove depth and is within a range of 6 to 9% of a tread expansion width, each sub-main groove including such a wider or broader portion which has a groove depth of 65% or more of the thickness of the tread rubber and a groove width which is greater than its groove depth and is within a range of 3.