Abstract: The present invention can provide an electrophotographic apparatus and electrophotographic method which are less affected by dot gain, can realize smooth gray scale expression, are high in gray scale reproducibility, and are hard to generate moire. In an embodiment of the present invention, a continuous tone image is binarized by using the frequency modulation screening, to form a latent image free from the generation of moire and high in relative resolution. The latent image thus formed is developed using a liquid developer, to form a thin toner layer, for forming a toner image less in the generation of mechanical and optical dot gain.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide optically readable mark recorded media, which can be permanently used to some extent with high durability against the mechanical forces applied by repeated washing, and can be read by optical readers accurately with few errors as essentially required for identification marks.

Abstract: The present invention is a printing apparatus, in which toner images on a latent image bearing member are electrically transferred onto an intermediate transfer member, for recording onto a recording medium, comprising charging the surface of the intermediate transfer member in the same polarity as the toner image whenever each of the toner images is transferred from the latent image bearing member onto the intermediate transfer member.The present invention can present a printing apparatus and printing method for suppressing the reverse transfer of the toner images onto the photosensitive element when the toner images are transferred in lamination onto the intermediate transfer member, for example, in an electrophotographic printer.