Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt that can bear a toner image includes a first layer and a second layer. The first layer includes a first surface located on an outer peripheral surface side of the first layer. The second layer is provided on a side of the first surface, transmits light, and includes a second surface. The first surface includes first grooves that (i) extend in a first direction in a circumferential direction of the intermediate transfer belt and (ii) are arranged in a width direction of the intermediate transfer belt that is orthogonal to the circumferential direction. The second surface is located on an outer peripheral surface side of the second layer, contacts a toner image, and includes second grooves that extend in a second direction in the circumferential direction. The first grooves includes 80 or more grooves per 1-mm length in the width direction in the first surface.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a forming unit, a transfer unit, a blowing unit, a temperature detection unit, and a control unit. The forming unit forms a toner image on a photosensitive member. The transfer unit transfers the formed toner image onto a recording material. The blowing unit takes outside air into the apparatus to generate an air flow for adjusting a temperature of the transfer unit. The temperature detection unit detects an ambient temperature outside the apparatus. The control unit controls driving of the blowing unit based on the detected ambient temperature. The control unit drives the blowing unit in a case where the detected ambient temperature is less than or equal to a first temperature threshold and a gradient value indicating a change in the detected ambient temperature is at least a first gradient threshold.

Abstract: An image-forming apparatus includes a photosensitive drum, a development member, an intermediate transfer belt, a transfer member, a transfer voltage, a density detection unit, a temperature detection unit, and a control unit. The development member forms a toner image on a surface of the photosensitive drum, which the transfer member transfers to the intermediate transfer belt. The density detection unit detects an information related to a density of the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer belt. The control unit controls a driving speed of the intermediate transfer belt. In a detection operation in which the density detection unit detects the information related to the density of the toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer belt in a state where the transfer voltage is applied to the transfer member, the control unit controls the driving speed based on an ambient temperature detected by the temperature detection unit.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt that can bear a toner image includes a first layer and a second layer. The first layer includes a first surface located on an outer peripheral surface side of the first layer. The second layer is provided on a side of the first surface, transmits light, and includes a second surface. The first surface includes first grooves that (i) extend in a first direction in a circumferential direction of the intermediate transfer belt and (ii) are arranged in a width direction of the intermediate transfer belt that is orthogonal to the circumferential direction. The second surface is located on an outer peripheral surface side of the second layer, contacts a toner image, and includes second grooves that extend in a second direction in the circumferential direction. The first grooves includes 80 or more grooves per 1-mm length in the width direction in the first surface.

Abstract: An image heating device includes a heater having a plurality of heating elements that heat a plurality of heating regions and a control portion that controls the supply of electric power to the plurality of heating elements. The power supply is controlled so that a first average temperature, which is an average value of control target temperatures of heating regions included in a first region located closer to one end side than a central heating region in a direction orthogonal to a conveying direction of a recording material, and a second average temperature, which is an average value of control target temperatures of heating regions included in a second region located closer to the other end side than the central heating region, are within a predetermined temperature range.

Abstract: In this image heating device, a control portion controls the supply of electric power to a plurality of heating elements such that a first average temperature which is an average value of control target temperatures of heating regions included in a first region located closer to one end side than a central heating region in a direction orthogonal to a conveying direction of a recording material among a plurality of heating regions heated by a plurality of heating elements of a heater and a second average temperature which is an average value of control target temperatures of heating regions included in a second region located closer to the other end side than the central heating region are within a predetermined temperature range.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a device for forming a trace of an image fixing nip, primary transfer nip, secondary transfer nip or developing nip is formed, a detecting device for detecting a width of the nip from the trace of the nip, and a controller for controlling fixing, transferring, developing or image forming parameter in accordance with the nip width detected by the detecting device. Proper image forming conditions are provided against the change of the nip width.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a device for forming a trace of a image fixing nip, primary transfer nip, secondary transfer nip or developing nip is formed, a detecting device for detecting a width of the nip from the trace of the nip, and a controller for controlling fixing, transferring, developing or image forming parameter in accordance with the nip width detected by the detecting device. Proper image forming conditions are provided against the change of the nip width.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a peripheral velocity difference is provided between a peripheral velocity of an intermediate transfer belt and a peripheral velocity of an image bearing member, and when a relative moving distance between the image bearing member and the intermediate transfer belt, which is generated in the transfer nip portion because of the peripheral velocity difference, is taken as a shift amount of the toner image, a lower limit value of the shift amount is set to be at least ?, preferably half of an average perimeter calculated from a weight-average particle diameter of the toner, which is measured in advance.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a guide member that guides a rotating member. The guide member has a contact surface that restricts a position of the guide member with respect to a stay by coming into contact with a surface of the stay on the upstream side in a printing-material conveying direction. The contact surface is disposed, in a direction perpendicular to the printing-material conveying direction, in such a manner that a center is downstream from ends in the printing-material conveying direction.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a peripheral velocity difference is provided between a peripheral velocity of an intermediate transfer belt and a peripheral velocity of an image bearing member, and when a relative moving distance between the image bearing member and the intermediate transfer belt, which is generated in the transfer nip portion because of the peripheral velocity difference, is taken as a shift amount of the toner image, a lower limit value of the shift amount is set to be at least ?, preferably half of an average perimeter calculated from a weight-average particle diameter of the toner, which is measured in advance.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a guide member that guides a rotating member. The guide member has a contact surface that restricts a position of the guide member with respect to a stay by coming into contact with a surface of the stay on the upstream side in a printing-material conveying direction. The contact surface is disposed, in a direction perpendicular to the printing-material conveying direction, in such a manner that a center is downstream from ends in the printing-material conveying direction.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a cylindrical film, and a heater including a substrate, a first heat generating resistor, and a second heat generating resistor. A controller controls supply of electric power to the heater using one of PID control and PD control on the basis of a deviation between a target temperature and a detected temperature detected by a temperature detecting member, such that the temperature of the heater is maintained at the target temperature. A proportional gain of the PID control or the PD control when the first heat generating resistor is supplied with the electric power and the second heat generating resistor is not supplied with the electric power is less than a proportional gain of the PID control or the PD control when the first heat generating resistor is not supplied with the electric power and the second heat generating resistor is supplied with the electric power.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus a tubular film, a nip forming member that contacts an inner surface of the film, and a roller that forms a nip portion together with the nip forming member via the film. The nip portion is an area where the film and the roller are in contact with each other and where a recording material is conveyed. The nip forming member has a protruding portion, protruding toward the roller and extending in a generatrix direction, that is provided on at least one of an upstream side and a downstream side in the nip in a conveying direction of the recording material. In the conveying direction of the recording material, an end portion of the protruding portion in the generatrix direction is arranged at a location different from a central portion of the protruding portion in the generatrix direction.

Abstract: A fixing device for fixing an image on a recording material a cylindrical film; a heater including a substrate, a first heat generating resistor provided on a first surface of the substrate opposing the film and a second heat generating resistor provided on a second surface opposite from the first surface; a temperature detecting member for detecting a temperature of the heater at the side having the second surface; and a controller for controlling power supply to the heater using PDI control or PD control. A proportional gain of the PID or PD control is smaller when the first heat generating resistor is supplied with the electric power, and the second heat generating resistor is not supplied with the electric power than when the first heat generating resistor is not supplied with the electric power, and the second heat generating resistor is supplied with the electric power.

Abstract: A water-based ink composition capable of forming depicted lines with excellent drying property and with little bleed is described. Also, a water-based ballpoint pen using the water-based ink composition is described. The water-based ink composition includes a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, a water-soluble organic solvent, a colorant and water, wherein the HLB value of the polyoxyethylene alkyl ether is from 14 to 15, and wherein the polyoxyethylene alkyl ether has an alkyl group contains 8 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a film, a heater contacting the film which has a substrate, a first heat generating segment on a first surface of the substrate, and a second heat generating segment on a second surface opposite to the first surface, a pressure member forming the nip portion, a temperature detection unit detecting a temperature of the second surface, and a control unit supplying power to the heater so that the detected temperature becomes a target temperature, wherein the control unit can perform a first heater control so as to supply power only to the first heat generating segment, and a first heater control so as to supply power only to the second heat generating segment, and wherein the target temperature during performing the second heater control is higher than the target temperature during performing the first heater control.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes: a rotatable member; and a first heater and a second heater, for heating the rotatable member. The ratio of the second-heater heat generation amount at an end portion thereof to that at a central portion thereof is larger than that of the first heater at an end portion thereof to that at a central portion thereof with respect to the longitudinal direction. The apparatus also includes: a back-up member; a sensor; and an electric power supply controller capable of controlling the heaters independently. The controller effects switching to decrease the ratio of the power to the second heater to the power to the first heater, when heating a small width sheet. Immediately after the switching, the power to the second heater is smaller and the power to the first heater is larger than those immediately before the switching.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus includes a nip forming member that contacts an inner surface of a tubular film and forms a nip together with a roller via the film. The roller has a region where a diameter of the roller gradually increases in a direction from a center to each of ends of the roller with respect to a generatrix direction of the film. The nip forming member has a protruding portion, protruding toward the roller and extending in the generatrix direction, that is provided on at least one of an upstream side and a downstream side in the nip in a conveying direction of the recording material. Ends of the protruding portion in the generatrix direction are positioned at a larger distance from a center of the nip in the conveying direction than a central of the protruding portion in the generatrix direction.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a film, a heater contacting the film which has a substrate, a first heat generating segment on a first surface of the substrate, and a second heat generating segment on a second surface opposite to the first surface, a pressure member forming the nip portion, a temperature detection unit detecting a temperature of the second surface, and a control unit supplying power to the heater so that the detected temperature becomes a target temperature, wherein the control unit can perform a first heater control so as to supply power only to the first heat generating segment, and a first heater control so as to supply power only to the second heat generating segment, and wherein the target temperature during performing the second heater control is higher than the target temperature during performing the first heater control.