Abstract: Decreasing the non-uniformity of display by photo-deterioration of the liquid crystal material is achieved in order to provide high grade liquid crystal display devices. A pair of substrates holding a liquid crystal layer between them are adhered together with a resin, and at least an opening for injecting liquid crystal into the interval between the pair of substrates is provided in the resin portion. The opening is sealed with a photo-curable resin. The liquid crystal layer contains a photo-reactive liquid crystal compound, the molecular structure of which is converted by a photo-irradiation, and an photo-absorbing organic compound having a photo-absorptivity larger than that of the photo-reactive liquid crystal compound at a designated wavelength, and containing at least one of alkyl substituent, alkenyl substituent, and alkoxyl substituent of 1-8 carbon atoms, respectively, in its molecule.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus and a method of manufacturing wherein the liquid crystal display apparatus includes a pair of substrates, a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, plural electrodes formed on at least one of the pair of substrates, a passivation layer formed on the plural electrodes and having concave portions, a thin film having low wettability formed on the passivation layer, and an insulating layer formed on the thin film having low wettability. The method includes the steps of irradiating light onto the thin film through a mask, and applying a solution containing organic high polymers so as to form the insulating layer at the concave portions of the passivation layer.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display having a wide viewing angle, a large contrast ratio, and little nonuniformity of display, is formed by a pair of substrates, and a liquid crystal layer interposed between the pair of substrates, wherein at least one of the pair of substrates has plural electrodes, a passivation layer formed on the plural electrodes, and an insulating layer formed at concave portions of the passivation layer for making the thickness of the liquid crystal layer uniform.

Abstract: An organic nonlinear optical single crystal belonging to a rhombic or monoclinic system and having a light absorption wavelength end of 410 nm or less and at least one nonlinear optical coefficient of 30 pm/V or more, and being able to phase match to the light absorption wavelength end, such as a single crystal of 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-8-(4'-acetylphenyl)-spiro[4.5]decane, is effective in nonlinear optical components and light frequency convertors.