Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multi-layer piezoelectric element is disclosed. The method forms a stack from at least one piezoelectric layer and a plurality of internal electrodes stacked one on another; grinds at least two side faces of the stack, thereby forming one or more cracks on the two side faces; and applies an electrically conductive paste containing 1% by weight or more glass onto the two side faces and firing the stack at such a temperature that is higher than the softening point of the glass and causes the electrically conductive paste that has been applied to shrink by 10% or more in the direction of thickness, thereby forming the external electrodes.

Abstract: A probe transmitting section (216) in a packet receiving terminal (210) sends a probe packet to a second radio channel (320) at fixed intervals. A probe analyzing section (117) in a packet sending terminal (110) detects a burst loss on the basis of a state of reception of the probe packet. When a burst loss detection is detected, a predictive retransmission control section (118) predicts that a data packet transmitted during the period of the detected burst loss among data packets sent from a priority processing transmission buffer (115) to a first radio channel (310) is a data packet lost on a receiving side, reads the data packet from a retransmission buffer (114), and then sends the data packet to the priority processing transmission buffer (115). A real-time property can be ensured while a packet loss is overcome in a radio environment.

Abstract: A probe transmitting section (216) in a packet receiving terminal (210) sends a probe packet to a second radio channel (320) at fixed intervals. A probe analyzing section (117) in a packet sending terminal (110) detects a burst loss on the basis of a state of reception of the probe packet. When a burst loss detection is detected, a predictive retransmission control section (118) predicts that a data packet transmitted during the period of the detected burst loss among data packets sent from a priority processing transmission buffer (115) to a first radio channel (310) is a data packet lost on a receiving side, reads the data packet from a retransmission buffer (114), and then sends the data packet to the priority processing transmission buffer (115). A real-time property can be ensured while a packet loss is overcome in a radio environment.

Abstract: A multi-layer piezoelectric element having high durability wherein the internal electrodes and the external electrodes do not break even when operated continuously over a long time under high electric field and high pressure is provided. The multi-layer piezoelectric element comprises a stack formed by stacking at least one piezoelectric layer and internal electrodes consisting of first and second internal electrodes one on another, and external electrodes formed on two side faces of the stack with one of which being connected to the first internal electrode and the other external electrode being connected to the second internal electrode, wherein the external electrodes contain a conductive material and glass, the side whereon the external electrode is formed has cleft which has a wedge which contains glass formed therein, and the cleft is filled with the glass contained in the wedge and glass contained in the external electrode.

Abstract: A multi-layer piezoelectric element having high durability wherein the internal electrodes and the external electrodes do not break even when operated continuously over a long time under high electric field and high pressure is provided. The multi-layer piezoelectric element comprises a stack formed by stacking at least one piezoelectric layer and internal electrodes consisting of first and second internal electrodes one on another, and external electrodes formed on two side faces of the stack with one of which being connected to the first internal electrode and the other external electrode being connected to the second internal electrode, wherein the external electrodes contain a conductive material and glass, the side whereon the external electrode is formed has cleft which has a wedge which contains glass formed therein, and the cleft is filled with the glass contained in the wedge and glass contained in the external electrode.

Abstract: Provided is a heater capable of having a high uniform heating characteristic and substantially equally heating a wafer etc. mounted thereon, and a wafer heating device using the same, as well as a method thereof. The heater comprises a plate shaped body, a belt-like resistance heating element formed on the plate shaped body and having a channel for adjusting the resistance value, and a positioning mark formed on the plate shaped body, which serves as a reference for positioning the channel.

Abstract: The invention is to provide a heater capable of having a high uniform heating characteristic and substantially equally heating a wafer etc. mounted thereon, and a wafer heating device using the same, as well as a method thereof. In order to solve the above object, the invention provides a heater which comprises a plate shaped body, a belt-like resistance heating element formed on the plate shaped body and having a channel for adjusting the resistance value, and a positioning mark formed on the plate shaped body, which serves as a reference for positioning the channel.

Abstract: A multi-layer piezoelectric element having high durability wherein the internal electrodes and the external electrodes do not break even when operated continuously over a long time under high electric field and high pressure is provided. The multi-layer piezoelectric element comprises a stack formed by stacking at least one piezoelectric layer and internal electrodes consisting of first and second internal electrodes one on another, and external electrodes formed on two side faces of the stack with one of which being connected to the first internal electrode and the other external electrode being connected to the second internal electrode, wherein the external electrodes contain a conductive material and glass, the side whereon the external electrode is formed has cleft which has a wedge which contains glass formed therein, and the cleft is filled with the glass contained in the wedge and glass contained in the external electrode.

Abstract: The invention is to provide a heater capable of having a high uniform heating characteristic and substantially equally heating a wafer etc. mounted thereon, and a wafer heating device using the same, as well as a method thereof. In order to solve the above object, the invention provides a heater which comprises a plate shaped body, a belt-like resistance heating element formed on the plate shaped body and having a channel for adjusting the resistance value, and a positioning mark formed on the plate shaped body, which serves as a reference for positioning the channel.

Abstract: A microcomputer having a high speed access memory and a language processing program execution system capable of producing a compact object including a high speed variable operation is disclosed. As to an input source program, variable areas used by subroutines are calculated by a variable area analyzing part, and a flow graph of an interrelation of callings of the subroutines is produced by a flow graph producing part. Then, the maximum variable area used by a whole program is calculated from the sizes of the variable areas and the flow graph by a maximum variable area detecting part. When the calculated maximum variable area size of the whole program is smaller than the memory size of the high speed access memory, an output part outputs the object information with variables allocated in the high speed access memory.