Abstract: A plurality of cells are provided in a concave portion of a top plate. A cloth to which water is penetrated is provided in a back face of each cell, and a wafer is attracted by the cloth. First and second pipes are connected to each cell. The first pipe introduces liquid to the cell, and the second pipe discharges liquid from the cell, and guides liquid to the first pipe. A constant-temperature device is provided to each first pipe, and a temperature of liquid of each cell is adjusted by the constant-temperature device in accordance with a temperature distribution of the wafer. Whereby, a polishing rate of each part of the wafer can be equalized.

Abstract: Methacrylonitrile higher in purity than that obtained by the conventional process is efficiently produced by the present improved process for producing purified methacrylonitrile in which the reaction mixture formed by the ammoxidation of isobutylene or tert-butyl alcohol is distilled using water as solvent to obtain a crude methacrylonitrile solution which contains methacrylonitrile as major constituent, methacrolein, hydrogen cyanide, and isobutyronitrile, and the crude methacrylonitrile solution is then purified in a product column, wherein the improvement comprises first removing isobutyronitrile from said crude solution, then feeding the remaining solution to the product column, withdrawing from the top a vapor containing methacrolein, condensing the vapor, returning a greater part of the condensate to the product column while removing the remainder from the distillation system, and withdrawing purified methacrylonitrile from the middle or lower section, preferably from a point lower than the feeding sta

Abstract: In a process for producing chemical substances comprising steps of cooling, condensing and solvent-absorbing the reaction product gas having a high temperature formed in a reactor, an absorption type refrigerator or an absorption type heat pump is driven by using, as the driving source, a heat source having such a temperature as not to be advantageous for the heat exchange in the process, which heat source has been taken out of the steps of cooling the reaction product gas, condensing it or solvent-absorbing it to obtain a refrigerant or a hot water having a temperature higher than the temperature of the heat source, and the refrigerant or the hot water is used as a cooling source or a heating source in the steps comprised in said process for producing chemical substances.

Abstract: An elemental diet of amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.

Abstract: An aqueous solution containing ubidecarenone which is characterized by the fact that a hydrogenated lecithin is incorporated. This solution is stable and free side effects.

Abstract: A process for producing an unsaturated nitrile with saved energy by which the bottom stream from a recovery column is used as the heat source for at least one distillation column in the process and thereafter used to pre-heat a recovery column feed withdrawn from the bottom of an absorption column, characterized in that the bottom stream of the absorption column is previously heated by at least one source of waste heat in the process, the source being selected from (1) the circulating water in the quenching column, (2) the overhead vapor of the absorption column, (3) the overhead vapor of a dehydration column and (4) the overhead vapor of a product column.

Abstract: A pharmaceutically acceptable emulsifier for preparing fat emulsions for intravenous injection comprising purified phospholipid of vegetable origin, containing less than 5% of glycolipid, and having a degree of hydrogenation of 30-50 as defined by the iodine number is prepared from vegetable phospholipid by a three-step procedure comprising (in any order) (1) isolation of a fraction containing phosphatidylcholine, (2) partial hydrogenation to produce the desired iodine value, and (3) removal of glycolipid.

Abstract: In wet-oxidizing organic waste water containing cyanogen i.e. inorganic-CN, or a compound capable of forming cyanogen under oxidative conditions, if the wet oxidation is conducted in the presence of copper or a copper compound and a specific ammonium salt, COD and the cyanogen concentration can be reduced at highly improved removal ratios. Copper ions resulting from the copper component made present at the wet oxidation step can be effectively removed by precipitation or ion exchange. Accordingly, this treatment method does not cause secondary pollution at all. In case recovery of the copper ions is performed by ion exchange, good results are obtained when the oxidized liquid from the wet oxidation step is flashed at a temperature higher than 100.degree. C. and the pH of the oxidized liquid is adjusted to 4-7 after the cyanogen decomposition step but before the ion exchange treatment. A weakly acidic ion exchange resin is preferably employed.