Abstract: A composite material includes a resinous particulate material, and an inorganic particulate material having a particle diameter being smaller than that of the resinous particulate material, fused welded onto a surface of the resinous particulate material, formed of an inorganic oxide, and including OH groups generated by fuse welding in the surface. The composite particulate material exhibits a degree of sphericity of 0.8 or more, and a has volumetric average particle diameter of from 0.1 to 100 ?m.

Abstract: A composite material includes a resinous particulate material, and an inorganic particulate material having a particle diameter being smaller than that of the resinous particulate material, fused welded onto a surface of the resinous particulate material, formed of an inorganic oxide, and including OH groups generated by fuse welding in the surface. The composite particulate material exhibits a degree of sphericity of 0.8 or more, and a has volumetric average particle diameter of from 0.1 to 100 ?m.

Abstract: A search device for searching a specific surface site of protein includes: a database that stores morphology data of first surface sites of a first protein and second surface sites of a second protein; a specifying unit that specifies one of the first surface sites as a drug binding site; and a searching unit that searches one of the second surface sites identical or similar to the drug binding site, as a probable drug binding site based on the morphology data stored in the database.

Abstract: An optical disk apparatus capable of determining the type of a loaded optical disk. In accordance with an RF signal output from a pickup, an RF processing section of the optical disk apparatus generates a focus signal (an FOK signal), which is an envelope of the RF signal, and supplies the focus signal to a DSP. In the DSP, the level of the FOK signal is compared with a threshold value, and a result of comparison is supplied to a controller. The controller determines occurrence of defocus on the basis of the comparison result. Concurrently, the controller quantitatively evaluates the level of the FOK signal by means of sequentially changing the threshold value, thereby determining the type of the optical disk on the basis of the reflectivity of the optical disk.

Abstract: An optical disk apparatus capable of determining the type of a loaded optical disk. In accordance with an RF signal output from a pickup, an RF processing section of the optical disk apparatus generates a focus signal (an FOK signal), which is an envelope of the RF signal, and supplies the focus signal to a DSP. In the DSP, the level of the FOK signal is compared with a threshold value, and a result of comparison is supplied to a controller. The controller determines occurrence of defocus on the basis of the comparison result. Concurrently, the controller quantitatively evaluates the level of the FOK signal by means of sequentially changing the threshold value, thereby determining the type of the optical disk on the basis of the reflectivity of the optical disk.

Abstract: An optical disk device has a unit for counting data read errors from an optical disk and a unit for reducing a playback speed of an optical disk. When a number of data read errors occurring in a predetermined period of time exceeds a predetermined value the playback speed reducing unit reduces the playback speed of the optical disk. As a result, repetition of error detection and consequent reduction in playback speed with each data read command when reading defective sectors of an optical disk can be prevented and the time required for error detection and speed reduction thereby eliminated, greatly improving overall average playback speed.

Abstract: An optical disc apparatus prevents an occurrence of an error in the mirror signal due to a change in a reproducing speed or usage of different kinds of optical discs. A mirror circuit generates a mirror signal by comparing a level of a bottom signal with a level of a reference level signal. The bottom signal is detected from a reflection signal obtained by optically scanning the optical disc. A reference level control circuit generates a reference level control signal based on the reproducing speed. A reference level signal setting circuit sets a level of the reference level signal in accordance with the reference level control signal.

Abstract: It is determined, according to a radial position of a pickup along a radius of a disk, whether or not to cause the pickup to jump to a different track so as to reduce a time required for reaching a target position on the disk. A reference value is used for the above-mentioned determination. The determination causes the pickup to jump to the different track when the target position on the disk is located behind the pickup, and also causes the pickup to jump to the different track when the target position on the disk is in front of the pickup and a distance to the target position is larger than the reference value. The reference value is determined to correspond to approximately one turn of the track at which the pickup is currently present. A buffer memory temporarily stores data which has been read out through said reading means. In response to an externally given first data transfer request, first requested data is read out from the buffer memory if it is present therein.

Abstract: An optical disk apparatus includes a disk servo unit which generates a servo signal based on a data signal read from an optical disk. The servo signal is supplied to a disk motor to control a rotation of the motor so that a linear velocity of the disk is kept constant when data is read from or written onto the disk. The disk servo unit is connected to the motor when the data is read from or written onto the disk, so that the servo signal is supplied to the motor, and the disk servo unit is disconnected from the motor when a pickup jumps from a present track of the disk to a destination track thereof so that the supply of the servo signal to the motor is inhibited. A velocity change signal which enables the motor to increase or decrease a rotating speed of the motor is generated depending on which one of two directions of the track jump is specified by a direction signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a linear multi-anode photomultiplier or electron multiplier on which a plurality of light beams to be measured or energy beams of electrons, ions and so forth are incident one-dimensionally. The object of the present invention is to prevent crosstalk between dynode arrays caused by leaking electrons. A transmission type photomultiplier is characterized in that the direction of secondary electron emission of the first-stage dynode of each dynode array is set in the opposite direction at 180.degree. from that of an adjacent dynode array. Then, adjacent dynode arrays will not oppose each other but are shifted from each other at a predetermined distance in the lateral direction. Accordingly, even if electrons leak from a gap between dynodes of a certain dynode array, the leaking electrons will not enter the adjacent dynode array, thereby preventing crosstalk.

Abstract: The disk drive apparatus of the present invention has an optical pickup that jumps a track to perform track jumping when a jumping voltage is impressed, and that traces a track by performing brake operation when a braking voltage is applied, and actuator that drives the optical pickup, a signal processing part that performs focus and tracking control with respect to the optical pickup, a movement time measurement part that measures the movement time when a light beam emitted from the optical pickup is moved to cross a track to a required track, a voltage control part that uses the results of measurement to generate parameters and a voltage value that is applied to the actuator, a storage part that stores voltage value that is generated by the voltage value setting part, and that after a disk is loaded, first stores data of that disk in the storage part and uses those data values according to the track jump operation.

Abstract: A disk apparatus comprising a controller receiving commands from a command input device and controlling an entire operation of the disk apparatus. The rotating control function is coupled to the controller for controlling the first motor. The pickupmotor control function is coupled to the controller for controlling the second motor. The pickup control function is coupled to the controller for controlling a focusing operation and a tracking operation of the pickup. And the signal processing function is coupled to the controller for processing a recording signal to be recorded on the disk-shaped recording medium and a reproduced signal read out therefrom. The controller is comprised function-stop function for determining whether or not any command is received from the command input device during a predetermined period of time in a state.

Abstract: A miniaturized optical disk apparatus which performs a pull-in of a focus servo and a pull-in of a tracking servo without a position detector for detecting an optical head. If the optical head is located at a non-reflection film area and thus the focus servo cannot be performed, then the optical head is moved and the focus servo is performed again. This process is repeated until the focus servo can be achieved. In addition, if the optical head is located at a non-track area, then the optical disk is moved to a track area and then the tracking servo is performed. This process also repeated until the optical head is located over the track area. The tracking servo can be stably performed since it is performed only when the optical head is located over the track area. The present invention is applicable to the optical disk apparatus which uses a 3.5 in optical disk.

Abstract: A high performance reflection type photocathode for use in a photomultiplier tube is formed by sequentially depositing three layers on a substrate made of nickel. The first layer is made of either one of chromium, manganese and magnesium as a major component and is deposited over the substrate. The second layer is made of aluminum as a major component and is deposited over the first layer. The third layer is made of antimony and at least one kind of alkaline metals and is deposited over the second layer.

Abstract: A method for rewriting four defect management areas on an optical disk according to an ECMA standard is performed by means of deleting an old data which has been recorded on the respective defect management areas and then sequentially writing down a new data on respective defect management areas.

Abstract: A motor stopping apparatus detects a rotation frequency of a motor to which a load is attached, and applies break power in accordance with the rotation frequency to the motor until the motor is approximately stopped. The apparatus may be provided in a disk storage.

Abstract: In an optical disk storage, the seek of an optical head is controlled so that the number of seek times cannot exceed a threshold number of times in a predetermined period or an accumulated seek period cannot exceed a threshold period in a predetermined period. Therefore, a wasteful power consumption and a rise in the internal temperature associated with the seek activity can be effectively prevented.

Abstract: An optical or magneto-optical disk storage which automatically adjusts a recording/reproducing level of a number of kinds of optical or magneto-optical disks having different recording/reproducing levels to an optimum recording/reproducing level. The optical or magneto-optical disk storage has an attenuator which applies a predetermined attenuation amount to a reproduced signal reproduced from an optical or magneto-optical disk so as to attenuate the reproduced signal, or intensity adjusting means for adjusting the intensity of a laser beam used for recording and/or reproducing. The optical or magneto-optical disk storage detects an amplitude of the reproduced signal and feed-back-controls the attenuation amount or intensity of the laser beam in accordance with the detected amplitude.

Abstract: For the distortionless conversion of an audio or like data signal from analog to digital form as by pulse code modulation, the input data signal is time division multiplexed with an analog dither (white noise) signal to provide a multiplex signal composed of the analog dither signal and an analog data/dither signal, the latter being an addition of the analog data and dither signals. Then the multiplex signal is converted from analog to digital form by one and the same analog to digital converter. The subsequent removal of the digital dither component from the digital data/dither signal provides a digital data signal as a replica of the input analog data signal. The use of the same converter for the conversion of both dither signal and data/dither signal from analog to digital form makes possible the maximum possible removal of the dither from the digital data/dither signal.

Abstract: A digital data signal such as a digitized audio signal is time division multiplexed with a digital dither signal to provide a multiplex signal compound of the digital dither signal and a digital data/dither signal, the latter being an addition of the digital data and dither signals. Then the multiplex signal is converted from digital to analog form by one and the same digital to analog converter. The subsequent removal of the analog dither signal from the analog data/dither signal provides an analog data signal as a replica of the digital data signal. The use of the same converter for the conversion of both dither signal and data/dither signal from digital to analog form makes possible the maximum possible removal of the dither from the analog data/dither signal.