Abstract: A polarization device includes a reflection-type polarization element disposed at a side to which an optical beam comes in and an absorption-type polarization element disposed behind the reflection-type polarization element, wherein the reflection-type polarization element and the absorption-type polarization element are disposed such that a transmission axis of the reflection-type polarization element coincides with the transmission axis of the absorption-type polarization element. Further, an optical projector using such a polarization device is disclosed.

Abstract: In a driving device of an active matrix type liquid crystal display unit including a liquid crystal display panel, a scan driver, and a data driver, a data voltage controlling apparatus is provided to achieve digital multiple gray-scale levels with little flickering. The data voltage controlling apparatus supplies the data driver with a combination of two different data voltages picked up from a plurality of digital data voltages previously set. The combination of two different data voltages are, for example, a combination of different waveforms, a combination of negative level and positive level, and a combination of two different voltages having at least a voltage difference. Further, a division of T-V characteristics and an exchange of data voltages are carried out to reduce the flickering.

Abstract: A polarization device includes a reflection-type polarization element disposed at a side to which an optical beam comes in and an absorption-type polarization element disposed behind the reflection-type polarization element, wherein the reflection-type polarization element and the absorption-type polarization element are disposed such that a transmission axis of the reflection-type polarization element coincides with the transmission axis of the absorption-type polarization element. Further, an optical projector using such a polarization device is disclosed.

Abstract: A display device including a diffraction grating from which a diffracted light of the zeroth order and a diffracted light of the first order having different color light components emerge to establish color separation. An array of micro-lenses is arranged on a liquid crystal panel. The liquid crystal panel has a plurality of picture elements and each picture element includes a plurality of color display dots. The color display dots in each picture element are arranged in the vertical relationship and in the order of wavelength of the light. A green light component of diffracted light of the first order is made incident normal to the liquid crystal panel, and the diffracted light of the zeroth order passes through the liquid crystal panel at a greater angle relative to the normal to the liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: A light source such as a metal halide lamp is effectively cooled in an optical apparatus such as a liquid crystal projector. In an optical apparatus which includes a concave mirror 11, a light emitting section 12 arranged in a concave portion of the concave mirror along the optical axis and a cooling structure for cooling a periphery of the light emitting section, the cooling structure is provided with a means for generating an air flow 4, the direction of which is approximately perpendicular to the optical axis of the concave mirror 11, and a means for generating an air flow 5 circulating into the concave portion of the concave mirror 11.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: a liquid crystal spatial modulating element holding a liquid crystal layer between a pair of parallel substrates, wherein transmission of light incident upon the liquid crystal layer along an incidence direction tilted to a predetermined direction from a normal to the substrates takes a local minimum as a voltage applied to the liquid crystal layer is changed, and the voltage at the local minimum changes as the incidence direction is changed; an illumination optical system for supplying illumination light generally over a whole surface of the liquid crystal spatial modulating element along incidence direction or directions tilted to the predetermined direction; and a driver circuit capable of applying a voltage across the liquid crystal layer, the voltage being generally equal to a voltage which provides the local minimum of the transmission with respect to the illumination light.

Abstract: An active matrix type liquid crystal display panel comprises a first substrate having a plurality of active devices, a plurality of scanning bus lines, a plurality of data bus lines, and a plurality of pixel electrodes, a second substrate having opposed electrodes on its surface opposing to the first substrate, a first shielding film formed on top of the active devices and between the pixel electrodes on the first substrate, a second shielding film formed in at least areas opposing to semiconductor regions of the active devices on the second substrate, and liquid crystals sealed between the first substrate and the second substrate.

Abstract: A percutaneous or permucosal patch drug preparation. The preparation includes: (1) a backing layer impermeable to a drug component, (2) a drug storage layer which holds the drug component therein and is situated under the central portion of the backing layer, (3) a protective film which is impermeable to the drug component, has notches and is situated under the drug storage layer and the peripheral portion of the backing layer, (4) a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer which is situated under the protective film, and (5) a releasable liner layer which is impermeable to the drug component and situated under the pressure-sensitive layer. When the releasable liner layer is peeled off of the preparation, the protective film is torn along the notches and the portion of the protective film surrounded by the notches is removed together with the releasable liner layer and a portion of the adhesive between the protective film and the releasable liner layer.

Abstract: A system and method for reducing switching noise generated when an audio signal envelope is abruptly changed provides for gradual change of the audio signal envelope from- one level to another. This gradual change over time in the audio signal envelope can be either near-linear or logarithmic. The system has a volume control register for storing a digital value representative of the envelope magnitude, an up/down counter initialized to a predetermined value, a comparator for comparing the contents of the volume control register and the up/down counter, and a digital-to-analog converter (D/A) which produces the audio signal envelope. The up/down counter output forms the input to the D/A. If the value of the volume control register is larger than the value of the up/down counter then the counter counts up until the values are equal. If the value of the volume control register is smaller than the value of the up/down counter then the counter counts down until the values are equal.

Abstract: Columnar prisms 22 to 24, cross sections of which are parallelograms, are arranged symmetrically on both sides of a columnar prism 21 whose cross section is an isosceles right triangle. The prisms are bonded to their adjacent prisms at polarization separation films D1 to D3 which are dielectric multilayer films. A reflective films is applied on the outermost surface of the outside prism 24. The polarization separation films D1 and D3, which are located in odd-numbered order from the prism 21, transmit incident p-polarized light and reflect incident s-polarized light, the polarization separation film D2 located in even numbered order from the prism 21 transmits the incident s-polarized light and reflects the incident p-polarized light. In order to achieve uniform polarization at the emission surface of a polarization separation/conversion device 20, a 1/2 wave plate C2 is applied on to the emission surfaces of the prisms 22 and 23.

Abstract: A light source for use in a projection type liquid crystal display device. The light source includes an electrodeless light emitting member having a light emitting material sealed in a transparent tube to emit light upon the application of microwave electromagnetic energy. A concave mirror is arranged on the outside of the light emitting member, and the transparent tube is supported by a rotatable rod-like support member which extends through the concave mirror. Means in the form of a vane, a screw or a projection is arranged on the rod-like support member or on the light emitting member for stirring air, while the rod-like support member rotates, to cool the light emitting member.

Abstract: A system and method for reducing switching noise generated when an audio signal envelope is abruptly changed provides for gradual change of the audio signal envelope from one level to another. This gradual change over time in the audio signal envelope can be either near-linear or logarithmic. The system has a volume control register for storing a digital value representative of the envelope magnitude, an up/down counter initialized to a predetermined value, a comparator for comparing the contents of the volume control register and the up/down counter, and a digital-to-analog converter (D/A) which produces the audio signal envelope. The up/down counter output forms the input to the D/A. If the value of the volume control register is larger than the value of the up/down counter then the counter counts up until the values are equal. If the value of the volume control register is smaller than the value of the up/down counter then the counter counts down until the values are equal.

Abstract: A method and a system for driving an electro-luminescence display panel of a matrix type has a compensation pulse applied to all the cells prior to or in the front of a pedestal pulse on every frame cycle. The level of the compensation pulse is higher than the pedestal pulse but low enough not to light the cells by itself. The duration of the compensation pulse is long enough to saturate charge polarization in the EL material of the cell, as a dielectric, at the applied voltage. Therefore, brightness of the lighted cell is kept constant regardless of the number of lighted cells on the same data electrode. Each of two power-receiving terminals of push-pull scan drivers is connected to a pulse generator respectively. One of the two power-receiving terminals may be floated from the pulse generator while data pulse is applied to the data electrodes.

Abstract: A projector comprising liquid crystal display panels and a projection lens for projecting the modulated light to a screen. A back surface reflection mirror including a transparent plastic sheet and a reflecting film is arranged between the projection lens and the screen. The mirror is thin and light and may have optical anisotropy. In order to eliminate an uneven pattern appearing in the screen caused by optical isotropy of the mirror and the difference between the light distribution characteristics in the screen for P- and S-polarized light, the projection lens and the back surface reflection mirror are arranged in such a relationship that a wave normal vector of an arbitrary component of the light projected by the projection lens and made incident to the back surface reflection mirror is not parallel to the optical axis of the plastic sheet.

Abstract: A crystal growth apparatus is herein disclosed, which comprises a vertical magnetic field-generating apparatus for establishing a cylindrical, vertical magnetic field space; a vertical Bridgman furnace arranged within the space; a base plate positioned above the magnetic field-generating apparatus; a heat-generating furnace comprising a water jacket, a quartz tube and a heating element; a combustion tube for accommodating a crucible at a predetermined position; a means for vertically suspending and supporting the combustion tube; a means for guiding the suspending means to move it up and down; and a means for driving the suspending means in the upward and downward directions such that the combustion tube is lowered and risen in the heat-generating furnace; the guide means and the driving means being fitted to the base plate; the heat-generating furnace being arranged at a predetermined position within the space and fitted to the base plate through a supporting member; and a motor of the driving means being pl

Abstract: A projection display device comprising three projection lenses arranged in a row in a side by side relationship and having respective optical axes extending toward a screen, and three liquid crystal display panels forming images of red, green and blue color lights, the liquid crystal display panels and the projection lenses being arranged to form sets individually. A mirror is arranged between the display element and the projection lens of at least one of the sets. Accordingly, one of the display elements is arranged so as to face in a first direction and the adjacent display element so as to face in a second direction. It is thus possible to reduce the distance between the adjacent projection lenses even if the size of the liquid crystal display panels is enlarged.

Abstract: In a driver circuit of direct drive matrix type LCD panel, a quantity of ON-STATE cells (or OFF-STATE cells) displayed on the just previous scan electrode is counted and a quantity of ON-STATE cells (or OFF-STATE cells) to be displayed on a present scan electrode is also counted. A compensation voltage is generated according to a predetermined relation based on a difference of the two above-counted quantities, and is superposed onto drive voltages of unselected scan electrodes or of each of data electrodes, in a polarity that an undesirable spike voltage induced on unselected cell voltage is cancelled, in synchronization with selection of the present scan electrode. The compensation voltage may be generated according to a digital difference of the two quantities or to a change in an analog voltage representing the counted quantity.

Abstract: A method of driving a display device with a plurality of scanning side electrodes and a plurality of data side electrodes which are disposed in directions intersecting each other, and a dielectric layer interposed between the scanning side electrodes and the data side electrodes, and including steps of applying modulation voltages corresponding to display data to the data side electrodes, and also applying writing voltages of positive or negative polarity to the scanning side electrodes through line sequence, so as to cause picture elements composed of the dielectric layer to emit light. The driving method further includes steps of thinning out the display data, and applying a plurality of kinds of modulation voltages different in amplitude according to each frame, so as to cause the picture elements to effect gradation display of different brightness in multi-stages.

Abstract: A data driver circuit of TFT-LCD having a plurality of power source voltage terminals with different voltage levels, an output terminal for providing a voltage to the TFT-LCD, a plurality of analog switches with load resistances provided between one of the source voltage terminals and the output terminal and having a switching terminal, and a voltage selection circuit for transmitting an ON signal to a selected one or more of the respective switching terminals of the analog switches. When an individual analog switch is turned ON, the corresponding source voltage value is supplied to the output terminal of the driver circuit and when two or more analog switches are selectively turned on, a combination of the voltage levels of the respective source voltage is associated with those switches which are turned ON is produced as the driver circuit output voltage, thereby affording a greater number of gray levels as the driver circuit output voltage levels than the number of power source voltage levels.

Abstract: A cholesteric-nematic phase transition type liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy is used in a projection type liquid crystal display device. This allows a bright and high information contents display with a compact, light, and low cost device and allows machinery input and thus simultaneous display at remote places, such as remote conference rooms or remote notice boards, in bright locations.