Abstract: A method for manufacturing steel, by quenching and tempering a seamless pipe for use as a material of a hollow spring, where the seamless pipe including predetermined components is subjected to a heat treatment which is performed to satisfy quenching conditions (1) and tempering conditions (2), (1) quenching conditions: 26,000?(T1+273)×(log(t1)+20)?29,000 900° C.?T1?1,050° C., 10 seconds?t1?1,800 seconds,??formula (1) where T1 is a quenching temperature (° C.), and t1 is a holding time (seconds) in a temperature range of 900° C. or higher, and (2) tempering conditions: 13,000?(T2+273)×(log(t2)+20)?15,500 T2?550° C., and t2?3,600 seconds,??formula (2) where T2 is a tempering temperature (° C.), and t2 is a total time (seconds) from start of heating to completion of cooling.

Abstract: Provided is a hollow seamless steel pipe for a spring, including by mass %, C: 0.2 to 0.7%; Si: 0.5 to 3%; Mn: 0.1 to 2%; Cr: more than 0% and 3% or less; Al: more than 0% and 0.1% or less; P: more than 0% and 0.02% or less; S: more than 0% and 0.02% or less; and N: more than 0% and 0.02%: or less, with the balance being iron and inevitable impurities, wherein, an uneven thickness ratio calculated by formula (1) below is 7.0% or less.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing steel, by quenching and tempering a seamless pipe for use as a material of a hollow spring, where the seamless pipe including predetermined components is subjected to a heat treatment which is performed to satisfy quenching conditions (1) and tempering conditions (2), (1) quenching conditions: 26,000?(T1+273)×(log(t1)+20)?29,000??formula (1) 900° C.?T1?1,050° C., 10 seconds?t1?1,800 seconds, where T1 is a quenching temperature (° C.), and t1 is a holding time (seconds) in a temperature range of 900° C. or higher, and (2) tempering conditions: 13,000?(T2+273)×(log(t2)+20)?15,500??formula (2) T2?550° C., and t2?3,600 seconds, where T2 is a tempering temperature (° C.), and t2 is a total time (seconds) from start of heating to completion of cooling.

Abstract: A hollow seamless pipe for a high-strength spring with reduced occurrence of decarburization in the inner and outer peripheral surfaces, hardened surface layers in the inner and outer peripheral surfaces during quenching, and sufficient fatigue strength is provided. The hollow seamless pipe contains a steel material, which includes 0.2 to 0.7 mass % of C, 0.5 to 3 mass % of Si, 0.1 to 2 mass % of Mn, more than 0 and 0.1 mass % or less of Al, more than 0 and 0.02 mass % or less of P, more than 0 and 0.02 mass % or less of S, and more than 0 and 0.02 mass % or less of N. The C content in the inner and outer peripheral surfaces is 0.10 mass % or more. A thickness of a whole decarburized layer in each of the inner peripheral surface and the outer peripheral surface is 200 ?m or less.

Abstract: A seamless steel pipe for a hollow spring includes C: 0.2 to 0.7 mass %, Si: 0.5 to 3 mass %, Mn: 0.1 to 2 mass %, Cr: 3 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), Al: 0.1 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), P: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), S: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %) and N: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %). A residual austenite content in an inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 5 vol. % or less. An average grain size of a ferrite-pearlite structure in the inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 18 ?m or less. A number density of a carbide having a circle equivalent diameter of 500 nm or more and being present in the inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 1.8×10?2 particles/?m2 or less.

Abstract: A hollow seamless pipe for a high-strength spring in the present invention includes a steel material in which chemical component compositions are properly adjusted, wherein a depth of a whole decarburized layer in an inner surface layer part is 100 ?m or less, a depth of a flaw which is present in an inner surface is 40 ?m or less, a width of the flaw is 60 ?m or less, and a number density of a carbide which has a circle equivalent diameter of 500 nm or more and is present in the inner surface layer part is 1.8×10?2 particles/?m2 or less.

Abstract: A hollow seamless pipe for a high-strength spring in the present invention includes a steel material in which chemical component compositions are properly adjusted, wherein a depth of a whole decarburized layer in an inner surface layer part is 100 ?m or less, a depth of a flaw which is present in an inner surface is 40 ?m or less, a width of the flaw is 60 ?m or less, and a number density of a carbide which has a circle equivalent diameter of 500 nm or more and is present in the inner surface layer part is 1.8×10?2 particles/?m2 or less.

Abstract: A seamless steel pipe for a hollow spring includes C: 0.2 to 0.7 mass %, Si: 0.5 to 3 mass %, Mn: 0.1 to 2 mass %, Cr: 3 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), Al: 0.1 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), P: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %), S: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %) and N: 0.02 mass % or less (excluding 0 mass %). A residual austenite content in an inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 5 vol. % or less. An average grain size of a ferrite-pearlite structure in the inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 18 ?m or less. A number density of a carbide having a circle equivalent diameter of 500 nm or more and being present in the inner surface layer part of the steel pipe is 1.8×10?2 particles/?m2 or less.

Abstract: A steel for heat treatment, which exhibits high strength and high toughness even when the heat treatment (such as quenching and tempering) of the steel is conducted under conventional conditions in an after stage. The steel for heat treatment contains C: 0.10 to 0.70 mass %, Mn: 0.1 to 3.0 mass %, Al: 0.005 to 2.0 mass %, P: 0.050 mass % or less, S: 0.50 mass % or less, O: 0.0030 mass or less, N: 0.0200 mass % or less, and one or more selected from the group consisting of Ti: 0.30 mass % or less and Nb: 0.30 mass or less with the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, and has a TH value of 1.0 or above as calculated according to the formula: ({Ti}/48+{Nb}/93) 104 and grain diameters of 10 ?m or below. {Ti} and {Nb} refer respectively to the contents of Ti and Nb in precipitates of 5 to 100 nm in size as determined about their respective extraction residues.

Abstract: Disclosed is a seamless steel pipe for a high-strength hollow spring, which comprises 0.20 to 0.70 mass % of C, 0.5 to 3.0 mass % of Si, 0.1 to 3.0 mass % of Mn, 0.030 mass % or less (including 0%) of P, 0.030 mass % or less (including 0%) of S, 0.02 mass % or less (including 0%) of N, and the remainder made up by Fe and unavoidable impurities, and which is characterized in that carbide has an equivalent circle diameter of 1.00 ?m or less. The seamless steel pipe enables the production of a hollow spring having high strength and excellent durability.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hollow seamless pipe for high-strength springs, in which the occurrence of decarburization in an inner peripheral surface and outer peripheral surface is reduced as much as possible, surface layer parts can be sufficiently hardened in the outer peripheral surface and the inner peripheral surface in a quenching step at the time of spring production, and sufficient fatigue strength can be secured in springs to be formed. The present invention relates to a hollow seamless pipe for a high-strength spring, which is composed of a steel material comprising 0.2 to 0.7 mass % of C, 0.5 to 3 mass % of Si, 0.1 to 2 mass % of Mn, more than 0 mass % and 0.1 mass % or less of Al, more than 0 mass % and 0.02 mass % or less of P, more than 0 mass % and 0.02 mass % or less of S, and more than 0 mass % and 0.02 mass % or less of N, wherein the C content in an inner peripheral surface and outer peripheral surface of the hollow seamless pipe is 0.

Abstract: A steel for heat treatment, which exhibits high strength and high toughness even when the heat treatment (such as quenching and tempering) of the steel is conducted under conventional conditions in an after stage. The steel for heat treatment contains C: 0.10 to 0.70 mass %, Mn: 0.1 to 3.0 mass %, Al: 0.005 to 2.0 mass %, P: 0.050 mass % or less, S: 0.50 mass % or less, O: 0.0030 mass or less, N: 0.0200 mass % or less, and one or more selected from the group consisting of Ti: 0.30 mass % or less and Nb: 0.30 mass or less with the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, and has a TH value of 1.0 or above as calculated according to the formula: ({Ti}/48+{Nb}/93) 104 and grain diameters of 10 ?m or below. {Ti} and {Nb} refer respectively to the contents of Ti and Nb in precipitates of 5 to 100 nm in size as determined about their respective extraction residues.

Abstract: An improved laser scanning microscope and method of use are disclosed that enable polarization anisotropy measurements to be made with greater sensitivity and accuracy. A controllable optical element is provided in a light path between a laser source and a sample, and is controlled so that the sample is alternately irradiated with light beams that are orthogonally polarized. This enables the signal strength to be higher than with previous laser scanning microscopes. Moreover, because the orthogonally polarized light beams that are alternately incident onto a sample may be switched at a high rate, a reduction may be achieved in the influence of molecular motion within a sample in which high speed biological reactions are observed.

Abstract: An improved laser scanning microscope and method of use are disclosed that enable polarization anisotropy measurements to be made with greater sensitivity and accuracy. A controllable optical element is provided in a light path between a laser source and a sample, and is controlled so that the sample is alternately irradiated with light beams that are orthogonally polarized. This enables the signal strength to be higher than with previous laser scanning microscopes. Moreover, because the orthogonally polarized light beams that are alternately incident onto a sample may be switched at a high rate, a reduction may be achieved in the influence of molecular motion within a sample in which high speed biological reactions are observed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a weld metal which comprises 0.02 to 0.10% of C (% by mass; the same holds also hereinafter), 0.05 to 0.4% of Si, 0.3 to 1.3% of Mn, 0.8 to 3.25% of Cr, at most 2% (inclusive of 0%) of Mo, 0.30 to 1.0% of V, and at most 0.03% of N, wherein the contents of Al, Ti and Ni are suppressed to at most 0.03%, at most 0.03% and at most 0.40% respectively; sum total ([Mn]+[Ni]) of Mn content [Mn] and Ni content [Ni] is at most 1.2% the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities; the contents of P, S, Sn, As and Sb among the inevitable impurities are suppressed each to at most 0.01%; the content of O is suppressed to at most 0.040%; EV value as defined by related expressions satisfies EV?0.00; and the number of carbides which have an equivalent circle diameter of at least 0.2 ?m and which are present in non heat affected zone of the weld zone after being subjected to stress relieving annealing at 625° C. for 10 hours is at most 1.0 number/?m2.

Abstract: A welding wire for a modified 9Cr-1Mo steel is provided which comprises C: 0.070 to 0.150% by mass, Si: more than 0.15% by mass, but not more than 0.30% by mass, Mn: not less than 0.30% by mass, but less than 0.85% by mass, Ni: 0.30 to 1.20% by mass, Cr: 8.00 to 13.00% by mass, Mo: 0.30 to 1.40% by mass, V: 0.03 to 0.40% by mass, Nb: 0.01 to 0.15% by mass, N: 0.016 to 0.055% by mass, P: not more than 0.010% by mass, S: not more than 0.010% by mass, Cu: less than 0.50% by mass, Ti: not more than 0.010% by mass, Al: less than 0.10% by mass, B: less than 0.0010% by mass, W: less than 0.10% by mass, Co: less than 1.00% by mass, and O: not more than 0.03% by mass, wherein the total amount of Mn and Ni being not more than 1.50%. The welding wire provides good toughness without degradation of creep rupture strength even at the PWHT temperature of 760° C. or above.

Abstract: A flux-cored wire for gas-shielded arc welding comprises a steel sheath, and a flux filled in the steel sheath. The flux-cored wire has a C content of 0.20% by mass or below, a Si content in the range of 0.06 to 1.10% by mass, a Mn content in the range of 0.55 to 1.60% by mass, a Cr content of 2.60% by mass or below, a Mo content in the range of 0.30 to 1.50% by mass, a Mg content in the range of 0.20 to 1.50% by mass, a N content in the range of 0.005 to 0.035% by mass and a B content in the range of 0.001 to 0.020% by mass on the basis of the total mass of the flux-cored wire. The flux has a TiO2 content in the range of 4.2 to 8.2% by mass and a fluorine compound content in terms of F content in the range of 0.025 to 0.55% by mass on the basis of the total mass of the flux-cored wire, and the flux-cored wire has an Al content of 0.50% by mass or below, a Nb content of 0.015% by mass or below, and a V content of 0.015% by mass or below on the basis of the total mass of the flux-cored wire.

Abstract: A flux-cored wire for gas-shielded arc welding comprises a steel sheath, and a flux filled in the steel sheath. The flux-cored wire has a C content of 0.20% by mass or below, a Si content in the range of 0.06 to 1.10% by mass, a Mn content in the range of 0.55 to 1.60% by mass, a Cr content of 2.60% by mass or below, a Mo content in the range of 0.30 to 1.50% by mass, a Mg content in the range of 0.20 to 1.50% by mass, a N content in the range of 0.005 to 0.035% by mass and a B content in the range of 0.001 to 0.020% by mass on the basis of the total mass of the flux-cored wire. The flux has a TiO2 content in the range of 4.2 to 8.2% by mass and a fluorine compound content in terms of F content in the range of 0.025 to 0.55% by mass on the basis of the total mass of the flux-cored wire, and the flux-cored wire has an Al content of 0.50% by mass or below, a Nb content of 0.015% by mass or below, and a V content of 0.015% by mass or below on the basis of the total mass of the flux-cored wire.

Abstract: A low magnification liquid immersion objective lens system uses an immersion liquid having a refractive index for the d-line within a range defined by a condition (1) shown below, and has a magnification &bgr; and a working distance WDL which satisfy the following conditions (2) and (3): 1.34≦ND≦1.80  (1) &bgr;≦15  (2) WDL≦0.35 mm.

Abstract: A low magnification liquid immersion objective lens system for use in a form observing apparatus, measuring apparatus and the like which uses an immersion liquid having a refractive index for the d-line within a range defined by a condition (1) shown below, and has a magnification &bgr; and a working distance WQDL which satisfy the following conditions (2) and (3):