Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area. This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area. This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area. This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device having a driving liquid crystal cell interposed between two polarizers 1 and 4, the cell having a liquid crystal layer 3e held between two substrates 3a and 3b, the layer having a twisted molecular alignment when no voltage is applied, and the liquid crystal cell performing optical control, using the optical anisotropy of liquid crystal, there is provided with an optical anisotropic element 2 between the polarizer and the driving liquid crystal cell, the optical anisotropic element 2 comprising an optical anisotropic substance layer 2c in which the optical rotatory power is minimal in the direction of layer thickness and the optical anisotropy is negative. The angle of the optical axis of the optical anisotropic element 2 varies continuously or in stages in the direction of layer thickness of the optical anisotropic element as against the surface of the optical anisotropic element.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device having a driving liquid crystal cell interposed between two polarizers 1 and 4, the cell having a liquid crystal layer 3e held between two substrates 3a and 3b, the layer having a twisted molecular alignment when no voltage is applied, and the liquid crystal cell performing optical control, using the optical anisotropy of liquid crystal, there is provided with an optical anisotropic element 2 between the polarizer and the driving liquid crystal cell, the optical anisotropic element 2 comprising an optical anisotropic substance layer 2c in which the optical rotatory power is minimal in the direction of layer thickness and the optical anisotropy is negative. The angle of the optical axis of the optical anisotropic element 2 varies continuously or in stages in the direction of layer thickness of the optical anisotropic element as against the surface of the optical anisotropic element.

Abstract: The color filter substrate used for the liquid crystal display device comprises a substrate portion, a color filter portion composed of colored layers of plural colors disposed on the substrate portion, a first spacer portion such that colored layers of at least two different colors of the colored layers of the plural colors are stacked on the substrate portion and one colored layer of the stacked colored layers and the colored layer of the same color as that of the one colored layer of the color filter portion are continuous with each other, and a second spacer portion such that the colored layers of at least two different colors of the colored layers of the plural colors are stacked on the substrate portion and all of the stacked colored layers are discontinuous with respect to any one of the colored layers constituting the color filter portion.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes a pillar-shaped spacer as a stack of a plurality of color layers, which exists on either an active matrix substrate or an opposite substrate facing to the former substrate. An impurity concentration and an impurity elution quantity of the color layer closest to a switching element among the color layers constituting the pillar-shaped spacer are made lowest among the plurality of color layers, or a bridging density of a resin is made highest among the color layers, thereby restraining an influence of the impurities upon the switching element and enhancing a display quality and a yield. Damages to contact areas when the active matrix substrate is disposed facing to the opposite substrate are reduced by making a hardness of the farthest layer from a surface of a substrate on which the pillar-shaped spacer is disposed lowest among the color layers.

Abstract: A color filter is disposed on a switching element array substrate. The color filter is composed of a plurality of kinds of color elements and an aperture. Two of the filter elements are overlapped at one end portion thereof. Each of the filter elements is covered with a pixel electrode. The pixel electrode is connected to the switching element through the aperture. This structure reduces electric coupling between the pixel electrode and the gate and signal lines. Optimum conditions among the overlapped width, and the aperture diameter and location are set to prevent the filter element from peeling off the array substrate so that the production yield can be significantly improved.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid crystal display device, comprising two substrates each having an alignment film, a sealing member arranged in the outer peripheries of the two substrates to permit the outer peripheries of these two substrates, which are arranged such that the alignment films of these two substrates face each other, to be bonded to each other except a liquid crystal filling port, a spacer for keeping the two substrates a predetermined distance apart from each other, a liquid crystal layer formed by filling a liquid crystal material through the liquid crystal filling port into the clearance between the two substrates, and an end-sealing material for sealing the liquid crystal filling port, wherein total amounts of an alkyl acid, phenyl carboxylic acid or a phenyl carboxylic acid derivative, phenylene dicarboxylic acid or a phenylene dicarboxylic acid derivative, an alkyl amine, aniline or an aniline derivative, phenylene diamine or a phenylene diamine derivative, phenyleneamine carboxylic acid or a phenyl

Abstract: A color filter substrate and a liquid crystal display device having high opening ratio and capable of preventing unsatisfactory display as far as possible are provided.

Abstract: Ultraviolet light is selectively radiated onto a portion corresponding to each pixel on a color accepting base layer and only this portion is activated. Thus, the accepting ability (coloring ability or absorbing ability) of the coloring material for a color filter in this portion is higher than that of the other portions to which the ultraviolet light is not radiated. Alternatively, with an ultraviolet light hardening resin as the material of the color accepting base layer, the accepting layer to which the ultraviolet light is radiated and hardened is formed in an island shaped pattern. The other portions are not hardened and can be removed. The coloring material of the color filter is projected to the accepting layer formed corresponding to each pixel and only this portion can be selectively colored.

Abstract: A reflecting type liquid crystal display device having, a first substrate provided on one main surface thereof with a first electrode comprising a plurality of pixel electrodes arrayed in a matrix form and a wiring interposed between these pixel electrodes, the first substrate being disposed on an observation side, a second substrate provided on one main surface thereof with a second electrode and disposed to face the first substrate in such a manner that the surface bearing the second electrode faces to the surface bearing the first electrode, a liquid crystal composition layer interposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and a white reflecting layer formed on a region of the surface of the first substrate where the first electrode is not formed.

Abstract: Ultraviolet light is selectively radiated onto a portion corresponding to each pixel on a color accepting base layer and only this portion is activated. Thus, the accepting ability (coloring ability or absorbing ability) of the coloring material for a color filter in this portion is higher than that of the other portions to which the ultraviolet light is not radiated. Alternatively, with an ultraviolet light hardening resin as the material of the color accepting base layer, the accepting layer to which the ultraviolet light is radiated and hardened is formed in an island shaped pattern. The other portions are not hardened and can be removed. The coloring material of the color filter is projected to the accepting layer formed corresponding to each pixel and only this portion can be selectively colored.

Abstract: A improved liquid crystal display device including two substrates each having transparent electrode thereon disposed in parallel while keeping a predetermined gap by means of pillar-shaped spacers and a liquid crystal held between said first and second substrates is proposed. In the liquid crystal display device, density or volume of the number of the pillar-shaped spacers provided in the off-display area is higher than those of a density of the number of said pillar-shaped spacers provided in the display area This change is made continuously or stepwise along areas. The spacers are preferably disposed so that a contact area between the spacer and a rubbing cloth during the rubbing process is minimized, or so that an orientation defective area caused starting from the spacer does not extend into the pixel area, or so that a plurality of spacers are disposed along a flow of liquid crystal from filling port into the gap between the first and second substrate.

Abstract: A color filter substrate has a substrate structure, spacers which include a first spacer layer and a plurality of second spacer layers. Each of the second spacer layers has a sectional plane which is substantially parallel to the substrate structure. And the sectional plane has a entire projective area of the first spacer layer therein and an elongated portion from the projective area, so that an area of effective thickness of the spacer to maintain the gap between two substrates depends on an area of a smaller of the first and second surfaces of the first spacer layer. In other words, the outline of the first spacer layer is located so as to be entirely included within the outline of these second spacer layers. If the central axis of the first spacer layer is shifted from that of the second spacer layers in the manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display apparatus, misalignment between first and second spacer layers occurs.

Abstract: A spacer is constructed of a stacked colored layers constituting color filters and is disposed in such a position as to exhibit a high dielectric breakdown strength on an active matrix substrate. A display performance is enhanced because of using no plastic beads, and insulation can be maintained. When the spacer assumes an inversely tapered shape, a contact position of the spacer can be freely selected because of forming no conductive layer on side surfaces.

Abstract: In an electooptical liquid crystal device comprising an OCB mode liquid crystal cell and an optically anisotropic element compensating a viewing angle characteristics of the cell, the optically anisotropic element satisfies the elliptical coefficient Z of the index ellipsoid of the optically anisotropic element,7.ltoreq.Z.ltoreq.10,if Z=(ndx-ndz)/(ndx-ndy),where ndx, ndy and ndz represent the components in x, y and z directions of the products of the refractive indice n of optically anisotropic element and the thickness of the optically anisotropic element, when the optically anisotropic element is combined with the bend-aligned liquid crystal cell as the electrooptical liquid crystal device.

Abstract: A color filter substrate has a substrate structure, spacers which include a first spacer layer and a plurality of second spacer layers. Each of the second spacer layers has a sectional plane which is substantially parallel to the substrate structure. And the sectional plane has a entire projective area of the first spacer layer therein and an elongated portion from the projective area, so that an area of effective thickness of the spacer to maintain the gap between two substrates depends on an area of a smaller of the first and second surfaces of the first spacer layer. In other words, the outline of the first spacer layer is located so as to be entirely included within the outline of these second spacer layers. If the central axis of the first spacer layer is shifted from that of the second spacer layers in the manufacturing process of the liquid crystal display apparatus, misalignment between first and second spacer layers occurs.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element includes a pillar-shaped spacer as a stack of a plurality of color layers, which exists on either an active matrix substrate or an opposite substrate facing to the former substrate. An impurity concentration and an impurity elution quantity of the color layer closest to a switching element among the color layers constituting the pillar-shaped spacer are made lowest among the plurality of color layers, or a bridging density of a resin is made highest among the color layers, thereby restraining an influence of the impurities upon the switching element and enhancing a display quality and a yield. Damages to contact areas when the active matrix substrate is disposed facing to the opposite substrate are reduced by making a hardness of the farthest layer from a surface of a substrate on which the pillar-shaped spacer is disposed lowest among the color layers.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device including a first substrate supporting a plurality of pixels, each having an electrode, a second substrate having an electrode and arranged such that the electrode of the first substrate opposes the electrode of the second substrate, a nematic liquid crystal composition layer held between the first and second substrates, and aligning films for aligning liquid crystal molecules of the nematic liquid crystal composition in one direction on surfaces of the first and second substrates, wherein the electrode of the first substrate in each pixel includes a plurality of conductive layers each having a width of 50 .mu.m or less, and a distance between the conductive layers being 50 .mu.