Abstract: A semiconductor device having a novel structure is provided. The semiconductor device includes a first substrate provided with a first peripheral circuit having a function of driving a first memory cell and a first memory cell layer including a second substrate and a first element layer including the first memory cell. The first memory cell includes a first transistor and a first capacitor. The first transistor includes a semiconductor layer including a metal oxide in its channel formation region. The first memory cell layer is provided to be stacked over the first substrate in a direction perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to a surface of the first substrate. The second substrate includes a circuit for performing writing of data to or reading of data from the first memory cell. The first peripheral circuit and the first memory cell are electrically connected to each other through a first through electrode provided in the second substrate and the first element layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device capable of measuring a minute current is provided. The semiconductor device includes an operational amplifier and a diode element. An inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier and an input terminal of the diode element are electrically connected to a first terminal to which current is input, and an output terminal of the operational amplifier and an output terminal of the diode element are electrically connected to a second terminal from which voltage is output. A diode-connected transistor that includes a metal oxide in a channel formation region is used as the diode element. Since the off-state current of the transistor is extremely low, a minute current can flow between the first terminal and the second terminal. Thus, when voltage is output from the second terminal, a minute current that flows through the first terminal can be estimated from the voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a method of producing a liquid mineral extract containing an abundant amount of potassium that is a mineral component extremely important for humans. A mineral is extracted from activated carbon of a plant-derived raw material using an aqueous solvent.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid mineral concentrate composition that can be added to water, food, drink, or the like to improve the flavor and function thereof. The liquid mineral concentrate composition contains potassium ions the concentration of which is the highest of the metal ions present in the liquid mineral concentrate composition.

Abstract: Provided is a potable water that is safe, good-tasting, and beneficial for the health of a human body. Provided is a mineral-containing aqueous composition for oral ingestion, having a potassium ion concentration of 20 ppm or more.

Abstract: This process for the desulfurization and denitration of light oil is effected by extraction with an organic solvent containing nitrogen. The invention also relates to light oil desulfurized and denitrated by said process as well as an organic solvent containing nitrogen for the extraction. The solvent is selected from among, for example, hetrocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, such as pyrrolidones, imidazolidinones, pyrimidinones and pyridinium salts, and acid amides. The combination of the process of this invention with any ordinary process for hydrodesulfurization enables the production of light oil having a sulfur content not exceeding 0.01% by weight. Light oil still containing benzothiophenone and dibenzothiophenone derivatives after hydrodesulfurization can be easily desulfurized to yield a desulfurized product not having any undesirable color, or any offensive smell. Also, the extraction of nitrogen compounds and aromatic compound from light oil is effected by the same process.