Abstract: In the present specification, provided are an apparatus and a method for obtaining gradient information, performed by a terminal, in a wireless communication system, wherein the terminal transmits a random access (RA) preamble to a base station, receives a random access response (RAR) from the base station in response to the RA preamble, performs a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the base station, establishes a digital transmission link on the basis of the RRC connection procedure with the base station, and establishes an airComp link that is a link for federated learning with the base station, wherein the terminal acquires the gradient information corresponding to data, and the terminal obtains first information and second information from the gradient information on the basis of data splitting modulation, wherein the first information is information having a lower priority among the information obtained on the basis of the gradient information, the second information is information ha

Abstract: The present specification provides a method fir transmitting learning class information, the method being performed by a terminal in a wireless communication system and comprising the steps of transmitting a random access (RA) preamble to a base station; receiving a random access response (RAR) from the base station in response to the RA preamble; performing a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the base station; determining the learning class information, wherein the learning class information is information about the degree of performance improvement in online learning, and the online learning is artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm-based learning following the activation of the wireless communication system; transmitting the learning class information to the base station; and performing channel state information (CSI) feedback according to the learning class information.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for transmitting and receiving in a wireless communication system and an apparatus therefore. Specifically, in a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a method for transmitting and receiving a signal by a receiving apparatus, the method includes receiving, from a transmitting apparatus, signals modulated based on a differential phase shift keying (DPSK) method through a plurality of reception paths, calculating a differential value in each reception path of the plurality of reception paths based on the received signals, and calculating reliability for the received signals, in which the reliability is proportional to a real value of a sum of the differential values in each reception path of the plurality of reception paths.

Abstract: A communication system supporting quantum key distribution is disclosed. A method performed by a first device comprises transmitting or receiving a random access (RA) preamble to or from a second device, receiving or transmitting a random access response (RAR) message from or to the second device as a response to the RA preamble, performing a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the second device, generating a sift key for communication with the second device and performing communication through a radio channel with the second device using the sift key.

Abstract: Provided are a device and a method performed by the device to correct an error in a quantum communication system. The method is characterized by comprising: transmitting a random access (RA) preamble to another device; receiving a random access response (RAR) from the other device as a response to the RA preamble; performing a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the other device; and transmitting data to the other device, wherein the data is encoded on the basis of key information, the error is measured on the basis of a test pulse, and the key information is distributed to the device and the other device on the basis of the error being corrected using an improved Faraday rotator mirror of the device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for transmitting a signal by a transmission terminal in optical wireless communication. The method may comprise: applying a phase pattern to the wavefront of an optical signal; and transmitting the optical signal. Further, the phase pattern may be determined on the basis of the optical phase conversion characteristics of a phase mask provided in the transmission terminal.

Abstract: A method of operating a terminal and a base station in a wireless communication system and a device supporting the same are disclosed. As an example, a method performed by a first device in a communication system may comprise transmitting, to a second device, a random access (RA) preamble, receiving, from the second device, a random access response (RAR) message as a response to the RA preamble, performing a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the second device, generating a sift key for communication with the second device, and performing communication through a radio channel with the second device using the sift key.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method by which a base station performs federated learning in a wireless communication system. A method, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, comprises: receiving, by a base station, a plurality of local parameters from a plurality of terminals; obtaining an integrated parameter on the basis of the plurality of local parameters; and transmitting the integrated parameter to each of the plurality of terminals, wherein at least one bias included in the plurality of local parameters is removed by using the plurality of local parameters. The base station/terminals of the present disclosure may be linked to an artificial intelligence, module, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a robot, an augmented reality (AR) device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a device related to a 6G service, and the like.

Abstract: A superposition-based method for transmitting and receiving signals in wireless communication is provided. Provided is a signal reception method performed by a base station which performs federated machine-learning in a wireless communication system, the signal reception method comprising the steps of: receiving an aggregated signal; demodulating the aggregated signal; and decoding the aggregated signal, wherein the decoding is performed on the basis of a codebook combining the respective codebooks of a plurality of terminals, the aggregated signal is obtained by superposition, on a wireless channel, of signals respectively transmitted from the plurality of terminals, and the respective signals include information about neural network parameters related to the federated machine-learning respectively performed by the plurality of terminals.

Abstract: Provided is a method and device for correcting an error in a communication system, the method including: transmitting, to another device, data encrypted based on key information. The key information is obtained by: incident a detection pulse on a variable Faraday rotating mirror and a reference pulse on a first mirror, respectively, wherein the detection pulse and the reference pulse are pulses branched from a test pulse; generating a first current in a balanced photodetector (BPD) based on a first component obtained as the detection pulse is reflected from the variable Faraday rotating mirror and a second component obtained as the reference pulse is reflected from the first mirror; converting the first current into a second current; incident the second current on the variable Faraday rotating mirror; and correcting the error in the variable Faraday rotating mirror based on the incident second current.

Abstract: A signal transmission method performed by means of a terminal for performing federated learning in a wireless communication system is provided. According to the signal transmission method, the terminal receives downlink control information (DCI) from a base station, the DCI informing of a specific computation group ID and a modulation and coding scheme (MCS), modulates and encodes data on the basis of the MCS when the specific computation group ID is the same as a computation group ID allocated to the terminal, the data including a parameter related to the federated learning performed by the terminal, and transmits a signal including the data to the base station on the basis of the modulation and encoding.

Abstract: The present disclosure a method of operating a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: transmitting a reference signal to a base station by the UE; receiving a response message from the base station based on the reference signal by the UE; and transmitting a local parameter of a local model to the base station by the UE, wherein the response message comprises transmission mode information, resource allocation information and feedback information of the reference signal, and wherein the transmission mode information indicates a first transmission mode or a second transmission mode, the local parameter of the local parameter is transmitted based on the indicated first transmission mode or second transmission mode, and the local parameter of the local model is related to federated learning.

Abstract: According to the present disclosure, disclosed is a communication method for reducing an overhead of a reference signal. The communication method according to the present disclosure comprises the steps in which: a reception unit receives a reference signal from a transmission unit; the reception unit obtains channel state information on the basis of the reference signal; the reception unit obtains loss information on the basis of the channel state information; the reception unit selects a mask to be applied to the reference signal on the basis of the quality of the loss information; and the reception unit transmits the selected mask to the transmission unit. The terminal of the present disclosure can be linked to an artificial intelligence module, a drone (unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)), a robot, an augmented reality (AR) device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a device related to 6G services, and the like.

Abstract: A method for performing reinforcement learning by a V2X communication device in an autonomous driving system, specifically, a method for performing reinforcement learning in consideration of an application rate of a reward according to age in terms of the freshness of a reward for an action, is proposed. An agent transmits an action message and controls a reflection rate of a reward through AoI management for a reward message, so that rewards transmitted from a plurality of devices are suitably reflected in an environment of a reinforcement learning-based autonomous driving system, and an optimal policy can be found accordingly.

Abstract: A transmission device in a wireless communication system: maps respective reference signals for a plurality of antennas to frequency resources; and transmits the reference signals on the frequency resources. Mapping the reference signals to the frequency resources comprises mapping the reference signals such that: (i) the frequency difference between a frequency resource fm,n for a reference signal of an antenna Vm,n and a frequency resource fm?1,n for a reference signal of an antenna Vm?1,n is ?fm; and (ii) the frequency difference between the frequency resource fm,n and a frequency resource fm,n?1 for a reference signal of an antenna Vm,n?1 is ?fn, wherein m is an antenna index along a first direction, and n is an antenna index along a second direction orthogonal to the first direction.

Abstract: A receiver used in an optical wireless communication system is provided. The receiver comprises: a receiving aperture for receiving an optical signal; a coupler for separating the optical signal received by means of the receiving aperture into a main signal and a sensing signal; a sensor for determining a control voltage Vo on the basis of the sensing signal; and a detector for outputting an electric signal which is an output voltage V on the basis of the main signal and control voltage Vo. The detector is formed such that the transfer function of the detector changes on the basis of the control voltage Vo.

Abstract: The present specification provides a method, performed by an apparatus, for transmitting at least one beam in a wireless communication system, the method comprising transmitting the at least one beam to another apparatus and receiving information about a result of measuring the at least one beam from the other apparatus, wherein the at least one beam is a beam generated on the basis of a signal synthesized from a laser signal being incident on a meta surface from a power controller, the laser signal consists of a plurality of frequency components, the synthesized signal is a signal in which power amplification is applied to each of the plurality of frequency components, and the power amplification is applied on the basis of the intensity regarding each of the plurality of frequency components.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for aligning gradient symbols by using bias regarding AirComp in a signal amplitude range of a receiver. A method for aligning gradient symbols according to an embodiment of the present disclosure comprises the steps of: performing iteration of gradient values included in a first planar vector and applying clipping and bias values so as to obtain a second planar vector having gradient values in which symbols are aligned; and transmitting the second planar vector together with channel information to a server in the form of AirComp. Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be linked to an artificial intelligence module, a drone (unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV), a robot, an augmented reality (AR) device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a device related to a 5G service, and the like.

Abstract: Disclosed is a communication method for distributed learning by which a server derives a final learning result on the basis of learning results of a plurality of devices. A communication method for distributed learning, according to the present disclosure, comprises steps in which: a server receives position information about each of a plurality of devices; the server configures, on the basis of the position information, a primary group including at least two primary devices from among the plurality of devices; the server configures, on the basis of channel state information, a secondary group including at least one secondary device from among the primary devices; and secondary devices belonging to different secondary groups use different time slots or different frequency regions to communicate with the server by a non-orthogonal scheme.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for controlling, by a terminal, an operation of a deep neural network in a wireless communication system. The method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure receives a downlink from abase station in a wireless communication system; and preprocesses the downlink on the basis of the result of an operation of a deep neural network of a terminal, wherein at least one reference signal is applied to the downlink while a statistical feature related to noise of the downlink are maintained. The terminal of the present disclosure may be linked to an artificial intelligence module, a drone (unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)), a robot, an augmented reality (AR) device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a device related to 6G services, and the like.