Abstract: A semiconductor device having simplicity in design and improved performance and methods for fabricating the same are provided. The semiconductor device includes a substrate including a frontside and a backside opposite the frontside, an electronic device on the frontside of the substrate, an interlayer insulating layer covering the electronic device, a frontside wiring structure on the interlayer insulating layer, a backside wiring structure on the backside of the substrate, and at least one unit chain connecting the electronic device with the backside wiring structure, the unit chain including a through plug passing through the substrate, a connection contact on the interlayer insulating layer, a first chain plug passing through the interlayer insulating layer to connect the through plug with the connection contact, and a second chain plug passing through the interlayer insulating layer to be connected to the through plug.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and a method for measuring stream water depth in real-time through positioning data filtering to ensure the reliability of the measured water depth data even when the stream water depth measurement data is filtered and applied to a small stream having a small basin area and a steep slope. The device for measuring stream water depth in real-time through positioning data filtering includes: a measuring part for measuring the water depth of a stream to be measured; a positioning data filtering part for filtering the water depth data measured by the measuring means by a local linear regression-based bivariate scatterplot smoothing technique through elastic bandwidth application; and a water depth calculating part for calculating a water depth of the stream to be measured by using the positioning data filtered by the positioning data filtering part, and minimizing the uncertainty of the water depth measurement.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for automatically measuring a discharge in real time based on a CCTV image. The system includes: a water depth measurement device filtering water depth data measured by a measurement means with a local linear regression-based bivariate scatterplot smoothing technique through flexible bandwidth application to calculate the water depth of a stream; an image acquisition device acquiring a continuous image of a flow speed measurement side of the stream; an image analysis PC using an image of the image acquisition device to measure the surface flow speed in real time and receiving a measured water depth from the water depth measurement device to measure the discharge in real time with cross-section data; and a discharge calculation and management server for transmitting and displaying a real-time discharge measurement result based on a web.

Abstract: Disclosed is a river flow velocity measurement device using optical flow image processing, including: an image photographing unit configured to acquire consecutive images of a flow velocity measurement site of a river; an image conversion analysis unit configured to dynamically extract frames of the consecutive images in order to normalize image data of the image photographing unit, image-convert the extracted frames, and perform homography calculation; an analysis region extracting unit configured to extract an analysis region of an analysis point; a pixel flow velocity calculating unit configured to calculate a pixel flow velocity using an image in the analysis region of the analysis point extracted by the analysis region extracting unit; and an actual flow velocity calculating unit configured to convert the pixel flow velocity calculated by the pixel flow velocity calculating unit into an actual flow velocity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device and a method for measuring stream water depth in real-time through positioning data filtering to ensure the reliability of the measured water depth data even when the stream water depth measurement data is filtered and applied to a small stream having a small basin area and a steep slope. The device for measuring stream water depth in real-time through positioning data filtering includes: a measuring part for measuring the water depth of a stream to be measured; a positioning data filtering part for filtering the water depth data measured by the measuring means by a local linear regression-based bivariate scatterplot smoothing technique through elastic bandwidth application; and a water depth calculating part for calculating a water depth of the stream to be measured by using the positioning data filtered by the positioning data filtering part, and minimizing the uncertainty of the water depth measurement.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for automatically measuring a discharge in real time based on a CCTV image. The system includes: a water depth measurement device filtering water depth data measured by a measurement means with a local linear regression-based bivariate scatterplot smoothing technique through flexible bandwidth application to calculate the water depth of a stream; an image acquisition device acquiring a continuous image of a flow speed measurement side of the stream; an image analysis PC using an image of the image acquisition device to measure the surface flow speed in real time and receiving a measured water depth from the water depth measurement device to measure the discharge in real time with cross-section data; and a discharge calculation and management server for transmitting and displaying a real-time discharge measurement result based on a web.

Abstract: Disclosed is a river flow velocity measurement device using optical flow image processing, including: an image photographing unit configured to acquire consecutive images of a flow velocity measurement site of a river; an image conversion analysis unit configured to dynamically extract frames of the consecutive images in order to normalize image data of the image photographing unit, image-convert the extracted frames, and perform homography calculation; an analysis region extracting unit configured to extract an analysis region of an analysis point; a pixel flow velocity calculating unit configured to calculate a pixel flow velocity using an image in the analysis region of the analysis point extracted by the analysis region extracting unit; and an actual flow velocity calculating unit configured to convert the pixel flow velocity calculated by the pixel flow velocity calculating unit into an actual flow velocity.