Abstract: A transmission device in a wireless communication system: determines an encoder having S outputs from among encoders supported by the transmission device, on the basis of the number B of feedback bits, wherein B=S×Q; encodes CSI through the encoder to output S real number values; determines B-bit encoded CSI including Q bits indicating the S real number values, respectively; and transmits the B-bit encoded CSI. The encoders may have different numbers of outputs from each other, and the different numbers of outputs may be predetermined for different feedback bit number ranges.

Abstract: The present specification provides a method by which a terminal performs federated learning with a plurality of terminals in a wireless communication system.

Abstract: According to various embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of operating a third node in a communication system.

Abstract: A method performed by a first node in a communication system includes receiving at least one synchronization signal from a second node, receiving system information from the second node, transmitting a random access preamble to the second node, receiving a random access response message from the second node, transmitting, to the second node, a quantum resource allocation request message including traffic characteristic information, receiving, from the second node, a quantum resource allocation response message including quantum resource allocation configuration information, receiving an allocation of a quantum resource from the second node based on a direct quantum channel, and transmitting data to a third node based on the quantum resource allocation response message and the quantum resource. The quantum resource allocation configuration information includes entanglement information or probability density coefficients of partially entangled quantum resources.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method of performing user authentication in a quantum communication system. More specifically, the method includes transmitting an information sequence including at least one data block on the quantum channel, wherein based on a preshared key and at least one key generated based on the preshared key, a checking sequence for a quantum bit error rate (QBER) estimation is determined from each of the at least one data block, wherein the preshared key is used to select a location of a sequence included in the at least one data block; performing the user authentication based on a portion of the checking sequence; and performing a QBER estimation based on a result of the user authentication and a remaining checking sequence excluding the portion of the checking sequence. A user authentication error rate and a QBER estimation error rate are used for the QBER estimation.

Abstract: Proposed are a method for performing federated learning in a wireless communication system, and an apparatus therefor. The method performed by a terminal may comprise the steps of: generating a Q-ary code including i) a restriction-based system part and ii) a parity part by coding restriction-based Q-ary information; determining, on the basis of a preset method, the number T of transmissions of the parity part of the Q-ary code; on the basis of specific channel information from among channel information between a plurality of terminals and a base station participating in the federated learning, allocating power to the system part and T parity parts; and transmitting, on the basis of the allocated power, the system part and the T parity parts to the base station.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a quantum communication system. Particularly, the present disclosure relates to a device and a method for performing quantum state modulation based on quantum authentication in a quantum communication system.

Abstract: A method of operating a terminal in a wireless communication system includes transmitting, to a second device, a random access (RA) preamble, receiving, from the second device, a random access response (RAR) message as a response to the RA preamble, performing a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the second device, generating a sift key for communication with the second device, and performing communication through a radio channel with the second device using the sift key.

Abstract: A method and a device used in an optical wireless communication (OWC) system are provided. A transmitting terminal transmits a plurality of reference signals to a receiving terminal through each of a plurality of beams. Each of the plurality of beams may have an inhomogeneous polarization beam pattern. The receiving terminal measures signal strength and polarization with respect to the plurality of reference signals. When the receiving terminal transmits feedback information including the measured signal strength information and polarization information to the transmitting terminal, the transmitting terminal may select at least one beam among the plurality of beams on the basis of the feedback information. Alternatively, the receiving terminal may select at least one beam from among the plurality of beams, which corresponds to at least one inhomogeneous polarization beam pattern among a plurality of inhomogeneous polarization beam patterns, on the basis of the measured signal strength and polarization.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a wireless communication system, and particularly, to a method by which a terminal transmits a signal, and an apparatus therefor, the method comprising the steps of: generating a second data bit sequence by adding (q?u) zero bits to each of u bits in a first data bit sequence; encoding the second data bit sequence so as to generate a codeword including a system part and a parity part; applying different modulation and power scaling combinations to q-bit units for the system part and the parity part in the codeword so as to provide a modulation symbol sequence corresponding to the codeword; and transmitting the modulation symbol sequence, wherein q is the square of 2, and u is an integer greater than or equal to 1.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for performing federated learning by one user equipment (UE) with a plurality of user equipments (UEs) in a wireless communication system. More specifically, the method performed by one UE comprises receiving, from a base station, restriction information related to an order restriction for an information field for generating a local parameter transmitted by the one UE to perform the federated learning; performing encoding on the local parameter generated from an order restricted information field based on the restriction information, wherein the encoded local parameter consists of a systematic bit part and a parity part; performing modulation on the encoded local parameter, wherein the modulation is performed in different ways for each of the systematic bit part and the parity part; and transmitting, to the base station, a signal including the modulated local parameters.

Abstract: The present disclosure a method of operating a user equipment (UE) in a wireless communication system, the method comprising: transmitting a reference signal to a base station by the UE; receiving a response message from the base station based on the reference signal by the UE; and transmitting a local parameter of a local model to the base station by the UE, wherein the response message comprises transmission mode information, resource allocation information and feedback information of the reference signal, and wherein the transmission mode information indicates a first transmission mode or a second transmission mode, the local parameter of the local parameter is transmitted based on the indicated first transmission mode or second transmission mode, and the local parameter of the local model is related to federated learning.

Abstract: The present specification provides a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) method by which a transmitting end transmits a message on the basis of differential time coding, in a quantum communication system.

Abstract: A method and a device used in an optical wireless communication (OWC) system are provided. A transmission terminal generates multiple inhomogeneous polarization patterns on the basis of polarization superposition. In addition, the transmission terminal maps a modulation state and an information bit for each of the multiple inhomogeneous polarization patterns, modulates a signal on the basis of one inhomogeneous polarization pattern among the multiple inhomogeneous polarization patterns, and transmits the modulated signal A reception terminal receives a modulated signal, and determines one inhomogeneous polarization pattern among the multiple inhomogeneous polarization patterns on the basis of polarization measurement for the modulated signal. The reception terminal determines an information bit mapped to the one inhomogeneous polarization pattern, and demodulates the modulated signal on the basis of a modulation state mapped to the information bit.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for carrying out user authentication in a quantum communication system.

Abstract: A method performed by Charlie in a quantum communication system, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, may comprise the steps of: forming a first Bell-state resource between a first qubit and a qubit included in Alice; forming a second Bell-state resource between a second qubit and a qubit included in Bob; transforming, into a first Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state, a three-qubit state from among the second qubit, a third qubit, and the qubit included in Bob; performing a Bell-state measurement between the first qubit and the second qubit; transforming, on the basis of the Bell-state measurement performing result, a three-qubit state from among the third qubit, the qubit included in Alice, and the qubit included in Bob into a second GHZ state, and performing entanglement teleportation by using the second GHZ state as a resource.

Abstract: The present specification provides a method for transmitting information in a quantum communication system.

Abstract: A communication system supporting quantum key distribution is disclosed. A method performed by a first device comprises transmitting or receiving a random access (RA) preamble to or from a second device, receiving or transmitting a random access response (RAR) message from or to the second device as a response to the RA preamble, performing a radio resource control (RRC) connection procedure with the second device, generating a sift key for communication with the second device and performing communication through a radio channel with the second device using the sift key.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method by which a base station performs federated learning in a wireless communication system. A method, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure, comprises: receiving, by a base station, a plurality of local parameters from a plurality of terminals; obtaining an integrated parameter on the basis of the plurality of local parameters; and transmitting the integrated parameter to each of the plurality of terminals, wherein at least one bias included in the plurality of local parameters is removed by using the plurality of local parameters. The base station/terminals of the present disclosure may be linked to an artificial intelligence, module, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a robot, an augmented reality (AR) device, a virtual reality (VR) device, a device related to a 6G service, and the like.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus and method for obtaining gradient information in a wireless communication system. A terminal establishes a digital transmission link with a base station, and establishes an airComp link, a link for federated learning, with the base station. (New) The acquires obtains the gradient information corresponding to data, and obtains first information and second information from the gradient information based on data splitting modulation. (New) The first information is lower priority information among information obtained based on the gradient information, and the second information is high priority information among information obtained based on the gradient information. (New) The terminal transmits the first information to the base station on a first region, and transmits the second information to the base station on a second region. The first region is a resource region used on the airComp link, and the second region is a resource region used on a digital transmission link.