Abstract: Liquid silicate products derived from processed organic plant matter (112), such as rice hulls, have improved purity and properties for use in the production of higher purity amorphous silica compositions (180). The liquid silicate can be optically clear, can have a controlled ratio of silica to metal earth oxide components, and can have lower concentrations of undesirable contaminants such as aluminum, chloride, iron, sulfate, and titanium.

Abstract: A method for operating a hybrid vehicle having a prime mover including an internal combustion engine and an electric machine, the vehicle further having a transmission connected between the prime mover and a driven end and including multiple shift elements, the vehicle further having a separating clutch connected between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine, and a starting component which is provided by a separate launch clutch or by a shift element of the transmission. The method includes monitoring a rotational speed of one of the internal combustion engine, the electric machine, the transmission, or the driven end during travel with the internal combustion engine running and the separating clutch engaged. The method further includes determining an increase in driving resistance, and decoupling the internal combustion engine when the monitored rotational speed falls below or reaches a first limiting value by disengaging the separating clutch.

Abstract: A method for operating a hybrid vehicle having a prime mover including an internal combustion engine and an electric machine, the vehicle further having a transmission connected between the prime mover and a driven end and including multiple shift elements, the vehicle further having a separating clutch connected between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine, and a starting component which is provided by a separate launch clutch or by a shift element of the transmission. The method includes monitoring a rotational speed of one of the internal combustion engine, the electric machine, the transmission, or the driven end during travel with the internal combustion engine running and the separating clutch engaged. The method further includes determining an increase in driving resistance, and decoupling the internal combustion engine when the monitored rotational speed falls below or reaches a first limiting value by disengaging the separating clutch.

Abstract: A method of controlling a hybrid drive-train of a vehicle having a combustion engine with a driveshaft, a transmission with an input shaft and an output shaft that drives a transfer box. An electric machine has a rotor that is connected to the transmission input shaft. A separator clutch is arranged between the engine driveshaft and the transmission input shaft. For coupling of the engine, the engine is first accelerated, with a rotational speed regulation, toward a target speed until a reference speed is reached or exceeded while the clutch remains disengaged, then, with continuous speed regulation, the engine is adjusted to a corrected target speed while the clutch is engaged until a target torque is obtained, then, with torque control, the engine is adjusted to the target torque while the clutch, with differential rotational speed regulation, is regulated to a target speed difference, and finally the clutch is engaged.

Abstract: A method of operating a drive-train of a hybrid vehicle which comprises at least a hybrid drive with an internal combustion engine and an electric machine, an automatic or automated change-speed transmission connected between the hybrid drive and a drive output, and a clutch connected between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine. When starting the internal combustion engine from a purely electric driving mode, the clutch is initially disengaged. To start the internal combustion engine, the clutch is at least partially engaged and the internal combustion engine is drag-started by the electric machine, and, in parallel with starting the internal combustion engine, a downshift in the transmission is initiated once a rotational speed of the internal combustion engine reaches or exceeds an applicable threshold value.

Abstract: A method of controlling a hybrid drive-train of a vehicle having a combustion engine with a driveshaft, a transmission with an input shaft and an output shaft that drives a transfer box. An electric machine has a rotor that is connected to the transmission input shaft. A separator clutch is arranged between the engine driveshaft and the transmission input shaft. For coupling of the engine, the engine is first accelerated, with a rotational speed regulation, toward a target speed until a reference speed is reached or exceeded while the clutch remains disengaged, then, with continuous speed regulation, the engine is adjusted to a corrected target speed while the clutch is engaged until a target torque is obtained, then, with torque control, the engine is adjusted to the target torque while the clutch, with differential rotational speed regulation, is regulated to a target speed difference, and finally the clutch is engaged.

Abstract: A method of operating a drive-train of a hybrid vehicle which comprises at least a hybrid drive with an internal combustion engine and an electric machine, an automatic or automated change-speed transmission connected between the hybrid drive and a drive output, and a clutch connected between the internal combustion engine and the electric machine. When starting the internal combustion engine from a purely electric driving mode, the clutch is initially disengaged. To start the internal combustion engine, the clutch is at least partially engaged and the internal combustion engine is drag-started by the electric machine, and, in parallel with starting the internal combustion engine, a downshift in the transmission is initiated once a rotational speed of the internal combustion engine reaches or exceeds an applicable threshold value.

Abstract: A method for adjusting an optimal contact pressure on the pulleys of a variator of a continuously variable transmission, to adjust an optimal contact pressure, the road condition is detected and based on the road condition, the contact pressure is adjusted so that in case of poor road condition the pressure level is raised thereby obtaining a mode of operation free of interference and an improved protection of the variator.

Abstract: The proposal is for a process for controlling a CVT of the bevel-pulley-belt type in which, on the occurrence of a wheel-locking drive situation, a converter bridging clutch is disengaged and at the same time a forward or reverse drive clutch is disengaged. The pressure level of the secondary pulley (3) is hereby raised and the transmission ratio of the CVT is changed in accordance with a predeterminable transmission ratio change and a predeterminable gradient.

Abstract: The invention is based on an electronic-hydraulic control unit (1) for an automatic transmission of a motor vehicle wherein the control unit (1) has one hydraulic unit (2) with hydraulic valves (4), sensors (6, 7) and pressure regulators (5) and one electronic unit (3) with a microprocessor, memories, sensors and power regulators (9) which form a functional unit. To reduce the tolerances of the control unit, it is proposed that the pressure tolerances appearing in the operating range be detected by verifying characteristic lines and from the divergences relative to a set characteristic line, plotting and storing in a memory a corresponding characteristic line correction.

Abstract: The proposal is for a process for controlling a CVT of the bevel-pulley-belt type in which, on the occurrence of a wheel-locking drive situation, a converter bridging clutch is disengaged and at the same time a forward or reverse drive clutch is disengaged. The pressure level of the secondary pulley (3) is hereby raised and the transmission ratio of the CVT is changed in accordance with a predeterminable transmission ratio change and a predeterminable gradient.

Abstract: For a CVT it is proposed to determine an operating point from the number of revolutions of the primary disc (12) and the number of revolutions of the secondary disc (13). The operating point is assigned to a first characteristic field which has ranges of unauthorized ratios and one range of authorized ratio. If an error occurs, the pressure level in the adjustment area of the secondary disc (pSEK) is increased in a first step. If the error continues an emergency program is activated in a second step.