Abstract: Various embodiments include a redox flow battery comprising: a cell divided into half-cells by a membrane; an electrolyte able to flow through the interior of the respective half-cell; an electrode; and a guide structure for guiding the electrolyte integrated into and defined by the associated electrode. Each half-cell comprises a current collector and an electrode element arranged in an interior of the respective half-cell.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, with the first chamber comprising a cathode and the second chamber comprising an anode. The method comprises: introducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber; and introducing a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber. At least one of the first electrolyte or the second electrolyte comprises a reduction-oxidation pair. The oxidation number of the reduction-oxidation pair is changed by addition of a first component.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: using a redox flow battery having a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, wherein the first chamber comprises a cathode and the second chamber comprises an anode; conducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber and conducting a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber; and charging or discharging the redox flow battery. The first electrolyte comprises a first reduction-oxidation pair and the second electrolyte comprises a second reduction-oxidation pair. At least one of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte comprises a pH-stabilizing buffer for chemically stabilizing the reduction-oxidation pair.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: a first chamber; a second chamber; a membrane separating the first chamber from the second chamber; a cathode in the first chamber; and an anode in the second chamber. At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a first planar surface including elevations enlarging the surface area. The elevations form flow channels for an electrolyte. The at least one of the cathode and the anode further comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: lead, bismuth, zinc, titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten.

Abstract: The invention presents a method for monitoring a battery state without interruption of functioning a battery system using a battery twin is presented. Wherein the battery system comprises a plurality of battery cells connected to each other, and wherein the battery twin comprises at least one battery twin cell that is identical to at least one of the battery cells of the battery system. The method comprises a step of measuring at least one parameter of the at least one battery cell of the battery system, wherein such measured at least one parameter describes working conditions of the at least one battery cell and/or the whole battery system. Further, the method comprises an offline measurement part, which comprises reproduction of the working conditions described with the measured at least one parameter on the battery twin.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for determining the age of an electrochemical energy storage unit comprising: referring to a first open-circuit voltage curve of the electrochemical energy storage unit dependent upon the state of charge of the electrochemical energy storage unit as a reference; ascertaining a second open-circuit voltage curve of the electrochemical energy storage unit dependent upon the state of charge of the electrochemical energy storage unit; and determining the age of the electrochemical energy storage unit by comparing the first and second open-circuit voltage curves.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an energy storage apparatus for providing electrical energy comprising: a meter for capturing an electrical load profile to be provided and operating state values of energy storage devices; a data memory for storing data relating to an assessment profile for a respective energy storage device, wherein the assessment profile represents effects of operating parameters on a respective criterion of a respective energy storage device; a processor for dividing the electrical load profile into partial load profiles and assigning them to a respective energy storage device optimized based at least in part on the respective criterion and the respective operating state values; and an open-loop controller for operating the energy storage devices selected by the processor to jointly provide electrical power for the electrical load profile.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: using a redox flow battery having a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, wherein the first chamber comprises a cathode and the second chamber comprises an anode; conducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber and conducting a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber; and charging or discharging the redox flow battery. The first electrolyte comprises a first reduction-oxidation pair and the second electrolyte comprises a second reduction-oxidation pair. At least one of the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte comprises a pH-stabilizing buffer for chemically stabilizing the reduction-oxidation pair.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a redox flow battery comprising: a cell divided into half-cells by a membrane; an electrolyte able to flow through the interior of the respective half-cell; an electrode; and a guide structure for guiding the electrolyte integrated into and defined by the associated electrode. Each half-cell comprises a current collector and an electrode element arranged in an interior of the respective half-cell.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising: a first chamber; a second chamber; a membrane separating the first chamber from the second chamber; a cathode in the first chamber; and an anode in the second chamber. At least one of the cathode and the anode comprises a first planar surface including elevations enlarging the surface area. The elevations form flow channels for an electrolyte. The at least one of the cathode and the anode further comprises a material selected from the group consisting of: lead, bismuth, zinc, titanium, molybdenum, and tungsten.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for operating an electrically rechargeable redox flow battery comprising a first chamber and a second chamber separated by a membrane, with the first chamber comprising a cathode and the second chamber comprising an anode. The method comprises: introducting a first electrolyte as catholyte into the first chamber; and introducing a second electrolyte as anolyte into the second chamber. At least one of the first electrolyte or the second electrolyte comprises a reduction-oxidation pair. The oxidation number of the reduction-oxidation pair is changed by addition of a first component.

Abstract: A reduction-oxidation flow battery including a first electrolyte storage tank configured to store an anolyte, and a second electrolyte storage tank configured to store a catholyte. A same polyoxometalate (POM) redox active species is used for both the anolyte and the catholyte. The same polyoxometalate (POM) redox active species includes XMoiTjOk or XWiTjOk. X=Si, P, Ge, or Al. T=Mn, Fe, V, Ti, Cr, Co, or Cu. i, j, and k are indices. i is in a range of 9 to 14. j is in a range of 1 to 3. k is in a range of 34 to 42.

Abstract: The teachings of the present disclosure may be employed for buffering electric power in a virtual storage power plant. For example, a virtual power plant for buffering electric power may include: distributed electrical energy storage systems electrically interconnected by transmission lines of an electrical power plant network; a measuring device detecting a state of charge of each of the storage systems; and a control device adjusting the states of charge between a lower limit and an upper limit. The states of charge are adjusted as needed by means of a charge equalization including transmitting electrical equalization charges from energy storage systems having a relatively high state of charge to energy storage systems having a relatively low state of charge, via the electrical power plant network.

Abstract: Various embodiments include an energy storage apparatus for providing electrical energy comprising: a meter for capturing an electrical load profile to be provided and operating state values of energy storage devices; a data memory for storing data relating to an assessment profile for a respective energy storage device, wherein the assessment profile represents effects of operating parameters on a respective criterion of a respective energy storage device; a processor for dividing the electrical load profile into partial load profiles and assigning them to a respective energy storage device optimized based at least in part on the respective criterion and the respective operating state values; and an open-loop controller for operating the energy storage devices selected by the processor to jointly provide electrical power for the electrical load profile.

Abstract: Various embodiments include a method for determining the age of an electrochemical energy storage unit comprising: referring to a first open-circuit voltage curve of the electrochemical energy storage unit dependent upon the state of charge of the electrochemical energy storage unit as a reference; ascertaining a second open-circuit voltage curve of the electrochemical energy storage unit dependent upon the state of charge of the electrochemical energy storage unit; and determining the age of the electrochemical energy storage unit by comparing the first and second open-circuit voltage curves.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure may include a method for determining the age of an electrochemical storage means. Some examples include a method comprising: recording a first voltammogram using a cyclic voltammetry process at a first time; recording a second voltammogram at a second time; identifying a first extreme value in the first voltammogram and a second extreme in the second, with a voltage and a current intensity associated with each extreme value; and determining the age of the electrochemical storage means based at least in part on a difference between the first and second extreme value.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to accumulating electrical energy and the teachings thereof may be embodied in accumulator systems and methods. For example, an accumulator system may comprise: an energy accumulator for generating a DC voltage; a converter for converting the DC voltage into an AC voltage, connected to the energy accumulator via an intermediate circuit; and a diode in the intermediate circuit connected in parallel with the energy accumulator and the converter. The diode may have reverse bias to limit a voltage in the intermediate circuit.

Abstract: The teachings of the present disclosure may be employed for buffering electric power in a virtual storage power plant. For example, a virtual power plant for buffering electric power may include: distributed electrical energy storage systems electrically interconnected by transmission lines of an electrical power plant network; a measuring device detecting a state of charge of each of the storage systems; and a control device adjusting the states of charge between a lower limit and an upper limit. The states of charge are adjusted as needed by means of a charge equalization including transmitting electrical equalization charges from energy storage systems having a relatively high state of charge to energy storage systems having a relatively low state of charge, via the electrical power plant network.

Abstract: A method for determining an overall loss of capacitance of a secondary cell, for example of an accumulator, which is brought about by ageing processes is provided. The overall loss of capacitance is determined additively from partial losses of capacitance which are determined by means of various parameters from various functions. A partial loss of capacitance is determined under constant peripheral conditions. If the peripheral conditions change, the partial losses of capacitance follow one another directly, i.e. with respect to the same loss of capacitance. The interval of the respective charge throughput rate is shifted here. The overall loss of capacitance of a secondary cell can be extended to the overall loss of capacitance of a package composed of a plurality of secondary cells.

Abstract: A method for determining an overall loss of capacitance of a secondary cell, for example of an accumulator, which is brought about by ageing processes is provided. The overall loss of capacitance is determined additively from partial losses of capacitance which are determined by means of various parameters from various functions. A partial loss of capacitance is determined under constant peripheral conditions. If the peripheral conditions change, the partial losses of capacitance follow one another directly, i.e. with respect to the same loss of capacitance. The interval of the respective charge throughput rate is shifted here. The overall loss of capacitance of a secondary cell can be extended to the overall loss of capacitance of a package composed of a plurality of secondary cells.