Abstract: According to example embodiments, a semiconductor device includes a plurality of active pillars protruding from a substrate. Each active pillar includes a channel region between upper and lower doped regions. A contact gate electrode faces the channel region and is connected to a word line. The word line extends in a first direction. A bit line is connected to the lower doped region and extends in a second direction. The semiconductor device further includes a string body connection portion that connects the channel region of at least two adjacent active pillars of the plurality of active pillars.

Abstract: A scratch testing apparatus for performing a scratching test while gradually increasing or decreasing a load, in which a pressure applied to the surface of a test specimen gradually increases or decreases as a head unit, to which a tip is attached, moves horizontally. The scratching testing apparatus includes a head unit having a bottom to which a tip attached; a guiding unit for guiding the head unit to move horizontally; and a pressure changing unit for changing pressure applied to the tip while the head unit is moving along the guiding unit. Therefore, the scratch testing apparatus may perform a scratching test as gradually increasing or gradually decreasing a load applied to the test specimen by the tip by moving the head unit, to which the tip is attached, horizontally.

Abstract: A scratch testing apparatus for performing a scratching test while gradually increasing or decreasing a load, in which a pressure applied to the surface of a test specimen gradually increases or decreases as a head unit, to which a tip is attached, moves horizontally. The scratching testing apparatus includes a head unit having a bottom to which a tip attached; a guiding unit for guiding the head unit to move horizontally; and a pressure changing unit for changing pressure applied to the tip while the head unit is moving along the guiding unit. Therefore, the scratch testing apparatus may perform a scratching test as gradually increasing or gradually decreasing a load applied to the test specimen by the tip by moving the head unit, to which the tip is attached, horizontally.

Abstract: A method for detecting signals in spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems using a QR-decomposition with M (QRD-M) algorithm is provided. The method includes receiving signals, limiting upper and lower bounds of a complexity in a QR-decomposition with M (QRD-M) algorithm, and detecting the received signals using the QRD-M algorithm. The signal detecting method can effectively reduce the amount of operation generated while detecting signals, using the QRD-M algorithm where the upper and lower bounds of the complexity are limited.

Abstract: A direct organic liquid feed unit fuel cell comprises an anode current collector, a cathode current collector, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel delivery layer for diluting a concentrated fuel stream and delivering the fuel stream to the anode at a uniform concentration across the planar extent of the anode, independently of the orientation of the fuel cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a muscular strength enhancing agent produced from fruits, and provides a strength enhancing agent or a body-fat regulating agent, derived from natural products, that may enhance muscle strength, decrease body fat or suppress body-fat accumulation without decreasing the amount of skeletal muscle or the weight of viscus; more specifically, a polyphenol produced from fruits is used to provide muscular strength enhancing agents or body-fat regulating agents, foods/beverages and pharmaceuticals that may enhance muscular strength, decrease body fat or suppress body-fat accumulation. Strength enhancing agents or body-fat regulating agents effective to enhance muscular strength, of which active component being a polyphenol derived from fruits, and foods/beverages and pharmaceuticals containing them.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for water management in a direct oxidation fuel cell system includes a direct oxidation fuel cell, including: a housing surrounding an anode, a cathode, a protonically conductive electronically non-conductive membrane electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode, a current collector, and a gas-permeable liquid-impermeable membrane disposed on a side of the cathode opposite the electrolyte. Excess water accumulation is removed from an area between the membrane electrolyte and the gas-permeable liquid-impermeable membrane by a pressure differential generated, preferably, by a pump. The pressure differential draws air to the surface of, into, or through the cathode diffusion layer. The pump can be driven by the electricity generated by the fuel cell.

Abstract: A framework composition windmill includes a cylindrical tower and a wind power dynamic component positioned at the top end of the tower. The wind power dynamic component includes a wind-driven rotor and an STS energy exchange coupling element which includes an annular mechanical moving module and an annular stationary electronic module. The stationary electronic module is installed on a support structure, and the mechanical moving module is connected to, and driven by the wind-driven rotor, rotating relative to the stationary electronic module. The wind-driven rotor includes at least two blades and a flexible bow-shaped framework; each of the blades being installed on and supported by the bow-shaped framework and vertically connected at bowstring end of the bow-shaped framework. With this wind power dynamic component, the speed of the rotor can be automatically adjusted to match the speed of the energy exchanger and to obtain optimal efficiency.

Abstract: A framework composition windmill includes a cylindrical tower and a wind power dynamic component positioned at the top end of the tower. The wind power dynamic component includes a wind-driven rotor and an STS energy exchange coupling element which includes an annular mechanical moving module and an annular stationary electronic module. The stationary electronic module is installed on a support structure, and the mechanical moving module is connected to, and driven by the wind-driven rotor, rotating relative to the stationary electronic module. The wind-driven rotor includes at least two blades and a flexible bow-shaped framework; each of the blades being installed on and supported by the bow-shaped framework and vertically connected at bowstring end of the bow-shaped framework. With this wind power dynamic component, the speed of the rotor can be automatically adjusted to match the speed of the energy exchanger and to obtain optimal efficiency.

Abstract: An improved fuel delivery system and fuel cell system is provided which includes a component, which delivers fuel from the fuel cartridge by connecting with a corresponding component in the anode chamber of the fuel cell. Liquid fuel is transported into the anode area via an action in which fuel is drawn through the material which may be substantially comprised of a foam-based substance. Gases, including carbon dioxide, that are produced in the anodic reaction can be removed because the foam is gas permeable. Electrons produced in the reaction are collected by a wire mesh that lies between the foam and the membrane electron assembly. The flow of fuel between the foam and the fuel cartridge and the foam and the anode can be interrupted by breaking the connection between the cartridge and the cell, or the cartridge can be pulled away from the fuel cell to break the connection between the foam components. The invention may be employed with a fuel cell stack, or with an enclosed, refillable fuel cell system.

Abstract: A multifunctional thermal installation that includes a compressor, a switch valve, an evaporator, a condenser, a water heater, and an expansion valve is provided. The water heater has a water inlet that is connected to an underground well. Each of the evaporator and condenser includes at least a group of heat exchangers. The first group of heat exchangers is disposed in the water heater and the second group of heat exchangers and a fan associated with the second group of heat exchangers are disposed in a room.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for water management in a direct oxidation fuel cell system includes a direct oxidation fuel cell, including: a housing surrounding an anode, a cathode, a protonically conductive electronically non-conductive membrane electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode, a current collector, and a gas-permeable liquid-impermeable membrane disposed on a side of the cathode opposite the electrolyte. Excess water accumulation is removed from an area between the membrane electrolyte and the gas-permeable liquid-impermeable membrane by a pressure differential generated, preferably, by a pump. The pressure differential draws air to the surface of, into, or through the cathode diffusion layer. The pump can be driven by the electricity generated by the fuel cell.

Abstract: An improved fuel delivery system and fuel cell system is provided which includes a component, which delivers fuel from the fuel cartridge by connecting with a corresponding component in the anode chamber of the fuel cell. Liquid fuel is transported into the anode area via an action in which fuel is drawn through the material which may be substantially comprised of a foam-based substance. Gases, including carbon dioxide, that are produced in the anodic reaction can be removed because the foam is gas permeable. Electrons produced in the reaction are collected by a wire mesh that lies between the foam and the membrane electron assembly. The flow of fuel between the foam and the fuel cartridge and the foam and the anode can be interrupted by breaking the connection between the cartridge and the cell, or the cartridge can be pulled away from the fuel cell to break the connection between the foam components. The invention may be employed with a fuel cell stack, or with an enclosed, refillable fuel cell system.

Abstract: A multifunctional thermal installation includes a compressor, a switch valve, an evaporator, a condenser, a water heater, and an expansion valve. The water heater has a water inlet that is connected to an underground well. The evaporator and the condenser include at least a first group of heat exchangers and a second group of heat exchangers. The first group of heat exchangers is disposed in the water heater and the second group of heat exchangers and a fan associated with the second group of heat exchangers are disposed in a room. After integrating separate installations into a system, the present invention uses only a small amount of a non-renewable energy source and most of the required energy sources can be replaced by the renewable energy sources collected from the system itself. Thus, the environmental pollution caused by the consumption of energy sources can be reduced significantly. In addition, non-renewable energy sources can be conserved.