Abstract: The driver circuit comprises a first node (J1), which is connected to a first terminal of the Pockels cell (CP), a second node (J2), which is connected to a second terminal of the Pockels cell (CP), wherein the first node (J1) is connected to a first potential (+HV) via a first switching unit (S1) and the second node (J2) is connected to the first potential (+HV) via a second switching unit (S2) and wherein the first node (J1) is connected to a second potential (?HV) via a first resistance (R1) and the second node (J2) is connected to the second potential (?HV) via a second resistance (R2); and wherein the first node (J1) is connected to the second node (J2) via a series circuit comprising a third resistance (R3) and an inductance (L1).

Abstract: The driver circuit contains a first line, which is to be connected to a first terminal of the Pockels cell (18; PC), and a second line, which is to be connected to a second terminal of the Pockels cell (18; PC), wherein the first line and/or the second line have/has an inductance (14, 15; 24, 25).

Abstract: The driver circuit comprises a first node (J1), which is connected to a first terminal of the Pockels cell (CP), a second node (J2), which is connected to a second terminal of the Pockels cell (CP), wherein the first node (J1) is connected to a first potential (+HV) via a first switching unit (S1) and the second node (J2) is connected to the first potential (+HV) via a second switching unit (S2) and wherein the first node (J1) is connected to a second potential (?HV) via a first resistance (R1) and the second node (J2) is connected to the second potential (?HV) via a second resistance (R2); and wherein the first node (J1) is connected to the second node (J2) via a series circuit comprising a third resistance (R3) and an inductance (L1).

Abstract: The driver circuit contains a first line, which is to be connected to a first terminal of the Pockels cell (18; CP), and a second line, which is to be connected to a second terminal of the Pockels cell (18; CP), wherein the first line and/or the second line have/has an inductance (14, 15; 24, 25).

Abstract: A high-voltage switch comprises one or more high-voltage transistors and a cooling substrate which may be manufactured from an electrically insulating material and on and/or through which a cooling medium can flow, wherein the one or more high-voltage transistors are mounted on at least one surface of the cooling substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to an activation circuit for a Pockels cell, comprising a first circuit node (P1), which can be connected to a first connection of the Pockels cell (CP), and a second circuit node (P2), which can be connected to a second connection of the Pockels cell (CP), wherein the first circuit node (P1) is connected by means of a first line to a first electrical potential (HV1) across a first switch (S1B) and by means of a second line to a second electrical potential (HV2) across a second switch (S1A), and the second circuit node (P2) is connected by means of a third line to a third electrical potential (HV3) across a third switch (S2B) and to a fourth electrical potential (HV4) across a fourth switch (S2A), and HV1 is more positive than HV2 and HV3 is more positive than HV4, wherein the difference of the potentials (HV1?HV4) is greater than the difference of the potentials (HV1?HV2) and the difference of the potentials (HV3?HV4).

Abstract: A high-voltage switch comprises one or more high-voltage transistors and a cooling substrate which may be manufactured from an electrically insulating material and on and/or through which a cooling medium can flow, wherein the one or more high-voltage transistors are mounted on at least one surface of the cooling substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a high voltage switch which may comprise a chain of MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The current of the individual MOSFETS, and hence the chain, can be controlled by means of adding a current measuring resistance into the source path of the transistors and transmitting the voltage arising there via a capacitor to a gate connector of the transistors.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a high voltage switch which may comprise a chain of MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The current of the individual MOSFETS, and hence the chain, can be controlled by means of adding a current measuring resistance into the source path of the transistors and transmitting the voltage arising there via a capacitor to a gate connector of the transistors.

Abstract: The invention relates to an activation circuit for a Pockels cell, comprising a first circuit node (P1), which can be connected to a first connection of the Pockels cell (CP), and a second circuit node (P2), which can be connected to a second connection of the Pockels cell (CP), wherein the first circuit node (P1) is connected by means of a first line to a first electrical potential (HV1) across a first switch (S1B) and by means of a second line to a second electrical potential (HV2) across a second switch (S1A), and the second circuit node (P2) is connected by means of a third line to a third electrical potential (HV3) across a third switch (S2B) and to a fourth electrical potential (HV4) across a fourth switch (S2A), and HV1 is more positive than HV2 and HV3 is more positive than HV4, wherein the difference of the potentials (HV1?HV4) is greater than the difference of the potentials (HV1?HV2) and the difference of the potentials (HV3?HV4).

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for generating bursts of laser pulses and to an apparatus for generating bursts of laser pulses and to a Pockels cell driving circuit. A method for generating bursts of laser pulses comprising generating first repetition rate laser pulses, and generating first repetition rate laser bursts from the repetition laser pulses, the laser bursts each containing a sequence of second repetition rate laser pulses, wherein the second repetition rate is higher than the first repetition rate.

Abstract: Driver for Pockels cells and using this Pockels cell within laser systems The driver i.e. the electrical control of the Pockels cell is modified from the standardly known H-configuration using the switches S1, S2A; S1A, S2 A by adding at least one more switch (S2B; S1B; S2B). This switch can either replace the usually used recharging resistors (R2) or can be placed to these in parallel. It is also possible to use an arrangement using 4 switches (S1A, S2A, S1B, S2B) and no recharging resistors at all. Using such a driver with a Pockels cell pulses can be selected in laser systems more efficiently. Pulse sequences with well defined widths and spacing can be produced for certain application.

Abstract: The driver i.e. the electrical control of the Pockels cell is modified from the standardly known H- configuration using the switches S1, S2A; S1A, S2A by adding at least one more switch (S2B; S1B, S2B). This switch can either replace the usually used recharging resistors (R2) or can be placed to these in parallel. It is also possible to use an arrangement using 4 switches (S1A, S2A, S1B, S2B) and no recharging resistors at all. Using such a driver with a Pockels cell pulses can be selected in laser systems more efficiently. Pulse sequences with well defined widths and spacing can be produced for certain applications.

Abstract: A mass spectrometric analysis of the content of surfaces, it is necessary to bring the analyte molecules into the gas phase. This is done with a tightly focused, preferably pulsed laser beam. This laser beam is focused onto the surface with a mirror that is placed as close as possible to the analysed surface. In order to achieve a very small focal point, deflection and focusing of the laser beam is done with a single optical element. The evaporated material passes through a opening in the mirror into the mass spectrometer. It is also possible to let the evaporated material pass right next to the mirror into the mass spectrometer.

Abstract: In order to effect fragmentation of ions through collisions with gas-phase molecules, it is necessary to have a high gas pressure in the collision region. At the same time the residual gas pressure in the detector region of a mass-spectrometer must be kept low. This is done by arranging collision cell and detector into separately pumped vacuum regions, each region having its own pumping port, the regions only being connected via flow restrictions in the vicinity of the ion optical axis. Achieving large pressure gradients and at the same time not reducing the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer can be done by using gas flow restrictions with large cross sections. A very efficient and space saving arrangment is to place a separate chamber with the collision cell between the chamber housing the reflector and the detector and the chamber housing the ion source of the mass spectrometer.

Abstract: An MS/MS-time-of-flight mass-spectrometer for colliding ions with the molecules or atoms of some collision gas. In order to assign the fragment ions to their respective parent ions, some ion selecting mechanism such as an ion gate must be used to preselect one specific mass of the primary ion spectrum. Usually the combination of both elements, a collision cell and an ion selector will need so much space that the size of the mass-spectrometer will increase, also reducing its sensitivity. This effect can be avoided, by integrating ion selector and collision cell into one unit.

Abstract: In an engine brake for a multicylinder Diesel engine having a cylinder head with at least one exhaust or decompression valve for each cylinder for controlling the discharge of gases from the cylinder, a high pressure fuel injection system with a common fuel supply line for distributing fuel under pressure to the various cylinders and with at least one camshaft-operated plug-in fuel pump for supplying fuel under pressure to the common fuel supply line, an engine brake actuating system is provided which includes, for every two cylinders operating at a 360.degree. crankshaft phase difference, a plug-in pump which concurrently operates the exhaust or decompression valves of the associated two cylinders, one at the end of its compression stroke and the other at the end of its exhaust stroke.

Abstract: The invention relates to a soot-particle filter for after-treatment of the exhaust gases of diesel engines by oxidation and the supply of thermal energy. Exhaust-gas-permeable supporting tubes extend in a filter housing and have an applied catalytic filter winding, via which exhaust gases flow radially from outside to inside into the supporting tubes. An exhaust-gas-permeable insert with a catalytically effective surface is arranged in each supporting tube to thereby enhance the effectiveness of the filter without increasing its overall size.

Abstract: An engine brake arrangement for a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine with at least one throttle valve per cylinder which, during braking operation of the internal combustion engine, is opened at times to connect a cylinder space with an exhaust conduit. To permit simple control of the opening and closing periods of the throttle valves, the latter are actuated by a hydraulic fluid, which is pumped by a pump with a single pressure-increasing and pumping element, and is distributed in a distributor with rotating channels to the individual conduits leading to a particular throttle valve.

Abstract: An electrical conduit for wires or cables is formed by a tube extending along a longitudinal axis and having an inner wall formed with a plurality of longitudinally throughgoing ridges each formed by a plurality of longitudinally joined sections with every other section inclined oppositely relative to the axis to the intervening sections. In other words the ridges run alternately along a right-hand helix and then a left-hand helix. The sections may be of varying pitch and part circular in section. They can also be substantially identical in which case they are straight, meet at corners, and are all of the same pitch.