Abstract: An analog-to-digital circuit that digitizes an analog voltage. The analog-to-digital circuit includes plural comparators functionally connected to form a tree that has levels i, and each level i has branches j, and an encoder connected to the plural comparators and configured to generate a digitized value of an input analog voltage. Each comparator from a level i has first and second outputs, and each of the first and second outputs is electrically connected to an input of different comparators from a next level i+1 of the tree.

Abstract: A MEMS temperature sensor including a clamped-clamped microbeam having a drive electrode on one side configured for applying an AC current, and a sense electrode diagonally situated on the other side, a first anchor at one end and a second anchor at the other end of the microbeam. The first anchor receive a DC bias currents, which heats the microbeam to an operating temperature. The sense electrode is configured to capacitively sense oscillations in the microbeam due to an applied AC current. The MEMS temperature sensor has a three wafer construction in which the components are formed. The device is encapsulated by aluminum, and metal wires connect the first and second anchor, the drive electrode and the sense electrode to side electrode pads outside of the encapsulation. The MEMS temperature sensor has a linear operating region of 30-60 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital circuit that digitizes an analog voltage. The analog-to-digital circuit includes plural comparators functionally connected to form a tree that has levels i, and each level i has branches j, and an encoder connected to the plural comparators and configured to generate a digitized value of an input analog voltage. Each comparator from a level i has first and second outputs, and each of the first and second outputs is electrically connected to an input of different comparators from a next level i+1 of the tree.

Abstract: A mechanical resonator-based cascadable logic device includes which includes a resonator having a beam with a first fixed end, a second fixed end, and a length between the first and second fixed ends. A first electrode and a second electrode are aligned along a first side of the beam. A third electrode and a fourth electrode are aligned along a second side of the beam and opposite the first and second electrodes. A DC voltage source is coupled to one of the first and second fixed ends of the beam. At least one of the first, second, third, and fourth electrodes is coupled to a first AC voltage source so that a logic operation is performed by activating a second resonant mode of the resonator.

Abstract: A mechanical resonator-based cascadable logic device includes which includes a resonator having a beam with a first fixed end, a second fixed end, and a length between the first and second fixed ends. A first electrode and a second electrode are aligned along a first side of the beam. A third electrode and a fourth electrode are aligned along a second side of the beam and opposite the first and second electrodes. A DC voltage source is coupled to one of the first and second fixed ends of the beam. At least one of the first, second, third, and fourth electrodes is coupled to a first AC voltage source so that a logic operation is performed by activating a second resonant mode of the resonator.

Abstract: Seamless, covert communications using a communications system integrated or incorporated within an article of clothing is described. In one embodiment, the communications system is integrated or incorporated into a shoe insole and includes a haptic feedback mechanism, a communications module, a flexible pressure sensor, and a battery. The communications module includes a wireless communications module for wireless communications, a wired interface for wired communications, a microcontroller, and a battery charge controller. The flexible pressure sensor can be actuated by an individual's toe, for example, and communication between two communications nodes can be achieved using coded signals sent by individuals using a combination of long and short presses on the pressure sensor. In response to the presses, wireless communications modules can transmit and receive coded signals based on the presses.