Abstract: This invention provides methods, apparatus, system, and article of manufacture which solve the problem of mismatch between the keywords employed by a user in making a query and those assigned by the manual or automatic classification system stored in the system's keyword index. The system records the initial keyword(s) input by the user and holds them until the user is either satisfied or gives up. If in a query session the user is satisfied with the object(s) retrieved from the repository, the system associates the initial keywords(s) with the retrieved object(s). This facilitates the object's retrieval by the same user or subsequent users who input the same keywords. The keyword index is modified directly when, for example, a single service or application controls the interaction between user and repository, end to end.

Abstract: A method (and apparatus) for guaranteeing authenticity of an object, includes providing a sample of material obtainable only by at least one of chemical and physical processes such that the sample is random and not reproducible, associating a number reproducibly to the sample by using a specific reader, and forming at least one coded version of the number. The at least one coded version is obtained by a public key encryption, and the version is recorded into an area of the object.