Abstract: In order to monitor an electrical supply system, in particular of a motor vehicle, which is at least partially mounted on a carbon-fiber supporting structure, a monitoring unit is provided and electrically connected to the carbon-fiber supporting structure at preferably a plurality of measurement points. Voltage values are tapped off at the measurement points and compared with permissible voltage values. If the voltage values exceed permissible maximum limits, on account of a short circuit for example, this is judged to be an indication of an impermissible current across the carbon-fiber supporting structure, and a power source is disconnected from the supply system, in particular.

Abstract: An electric fluid dispenser for dispensing a fluid onto a substrate. A power switching circuit is connected to an unregulated rectified voltage. A solenoid connected to the power switching circuit operates a dispensing valve to move between open and closed positions. A driver circuit has a voltage compensator that integrates the unregulated rectified voltage over successive periods and pulse width modulates the power switching circuit in response to integrated voltage values during each successive period exceeding a voltage reference. Thus, the solenoid causes the dispensing valve to move between the open and closed positions substantially independent of variations in the unregulated rectified voltage.

Abstract: In order to monitor an electrical supply system, in particular of a motor vehicle, which is at least partially mounted on a carbon-fiber supporting structure, a monitoring unit is provided and electrically connected to the carbon-fiber supporting structure at preferably a plurality of measurement points. Voltage values are tapped off at the measurement points and compared with permissible voltage values. If the voltage values exceed permissible maximum limits, on account of a short circuit for example, this is judged to be an indication of an impermissible current across the carbon-fiber supporting structure, and a power source is disconnected from the supply system, in particular.

Abstract: Driver circuits for a fluid dispenser operable to dispense a fluid onto a substrate. One driver circuit uses high and low voltage busses to provide a quick pull-in current. Flyback current during a transition to a hold current is clamped to the high voltage bus to return energy to the high voltage bus, which is a capacitor. Another driver circuit uses transitional current references to control coil current at the initial pull-in transition and at the transition from pull-in to hold. In the transition from pull-in to hold, the flyback coil current is modulated between a flyback mode and a freewheel mode.