Abstract: A method and apparatus for simulating an ocular optical system that enables simulating visual perception having fluctuation, distortion and blur in the use of spectacle lenses such as progressive addition lenses. A binocular synkinetic rotation-based retinal image is created, defined as an image obtained by rotating both eyeballs toward each object point in a visual field, then, uniting images projected on the foveae of right and left eyes and to produce a united image. An original image is created wherein the midpoint of binocular rotation is placed at a specific position, and objects within a specific pyramidal visual field are observed. A distorted original image is obtained by observing the visual field through spectacle lenses using the ray tracing method. Point Spread Functions (PSF's) are derived, wherein right and left monocular PSF's are obtained and a united binocular PSF is derived from both monocular PSF's.

Abstract: There are provided an ocular optical system simulating method and a simulating apparatus which enable simulation of how things can be seen, together with fluctuation, deformation, blur, etc., occurring when a lens system such as a progressive addition lens is worn. A rotation-based retinal image, defined as an image obtained by turning an eye-ball with respect to all object points within a field of vision and by connecting images caught at the fovea, is made. The image is made by first creating an original image having a specific angular field of vision and entering the eye having a specific rotation center point. Then, a deformed original image having deformation occurring when the original image is seen through the lens system is created by using ray tracing. A PSF on the retina of an eye-model from light from the object points of the original image in an optical system composed of the lens system and a spectacle model is determined.

Abstract: An aspherical lens by which residual aberration in all of third eye-positions is corrected and which the center or edge thickness can be reduced. Thus, this aspherical lens employs a first or second curved surface represented by the following equation: ##EQU1## where (x, y, z) represents the coordinates of a point on an aspherical surface and satisfies (y.epsilon.[a, b]).andgate.(z.epsilon.[c. d]); m.sub.y is an order of a spline function in the direction of the y-axis (in this case, an integer which is not less than 4); m.sub.z is an order of the spline function in the direction of the z-axis (in this case, an integer which is not less than 4); n.sub.y is the number of inner knots in [a, b] in the direction of the y-axis (in this case, an integer which is not less than 4); n.sub.z is the number of inner knots in [c, d] in the direction of the z-axis (in this case, an integer which is not less than 4); N.sub.my,i (y) represents an ith m.sub.

Abstract: An apparatus for simulating a retinal image obtained when a lens is used with a human eye. The apparatus can simulate intraocular lenses, contact lenses or eyeglass lenses. When intraocular lenses are simulated, a lens system 31 comprises photographic lenses and an intraocular lens mounting section. The intraocular lens is held within one or more liquid containing sections provided in the intraocular lens mounting section. The relative position of the photographic lenses and the intraocular lens is set by making the paraxial object point distance of a front refracting face of the intraocular lens substantially equal that calculated when the intraocular lens replaces a crystalline lens of Glustrand's ocular model. When simulating contact or eyeglass lenses, a front face of a lens disposed nearest the object in lens system 31 has substantially the same radius of curvature as that of a human cornea, and a contact lens supporting base has a shape corresponding to the conjunctiva of the eye.

Abstract: An aspherical spectacle lens that has a pair of first and second refractive surfaces, one or both of which have an aspherical shape. In this lens, the first refractive surface and/or the second refractive surface is defined by the following equation: ##EQU1## where mi designates a real number which is not less than 2; n an integer which is not less than 1; X a length of a perpendicular drawn from a point, which is positioned on the aspherical surface and is located at a distance .rho. from an optical axis, to a meridional plane, which contacts the aspherical surface at a vertex thereof; C curvature at the vertex of the aspherical surface; .rho. a distance from the optical axis; k what is called a cone constant; and A.sub.mi what is called an aspherical-surface coefficient of .rho..sup.mi. Thus, there is provided an aspherical spectacle lens in which decentration aberration is small.

Abstract: An apparatus for simulating an ocular optical system simulates a retinal image produced by a human eye through an optical lens. Optical system data are produced from an optical system including a cornea, a pupil, an intraocular lens, a retina, etc. Based on the optical system data, point spread functions each indicative of a distribution on an image plane of light emitted from a certain point are calculated by PSF (Point Spread Function) calculating means. Image data are subjected to convolutional integration with the point spread functions, determining retinal image data. The retinal image data are converted into display data, which are supplied to a display unit to display a retinal image thereon. The retinal image displayed on the display unit is an image that would be actually formed on the retina of the human eye, and provides an accurate objective indication of how the image is seen by the patient.