Abstract: A uniform illumination of the projection surface is obtained by measuring light intensity of a projection surface and adjusting a distance between a light source and an optical element in response to the measured light intensity to optimize brightness and/or distribution.

Abstract: A projection copying apparatus for reproducing microfilmed originals on a light-tightly disposable projection screen and for producing copies of microfilmed originals comprises means for copying of dot originals operating for complete or sectional copying of the originals, and a projection screen including a diffusing disc, an LCD dics arranged on the diffusing disc, the LCD disc being switchable between two conditions so that in one of the conditions it is transparent for observation of the originals and in the other of the conditions it is opaque for copying or searching.

Abstract: A light-tight magazine for dispensing recording sheets one by one from a stack in which the sheets are separated from each other by intervening spacing foils (17), the spacing foils being held against removal from the magazine by means of ear portions (20, 21) that protrude laterally beyond the sides of the stack and are engaged by means of fixed abutment walls (27, 28) in the magazine interior.

Abstract: A microfilm reading and reverse enlarging apparatus with a copying beam for a gap illumination comprises a copy carrier movable with a constant speed, drive device for moving the copy carrier, a film platform for a film and adjustable relative to an illuminating beam, transporting device for reciprocating the film platform synchronously with the movement of the copy carrier, control device for controlling the transporting device, a potentiometer adjustable by the transporting device synchronously with the movement of the platform so as to produce respective values in response to the movement of the platform during a copying process of successive microimages, and storing and comparing device arranged to store preselected values and to receive the values of the potentiometer to compare them with the preselected values, the storing and comparing device being connected with the control device so that the transporting device and the drive device for the copy carrier during reaching by the values of the potentiomet

Abstract: A device for controlling the width of a slot of a diaphragm of a microfilm-reading-and-copying apparatus in which an enlarged microimage is projected by two inclined mirrors mounted on a movable carriage and via the slot of the diaphragm on a copying cylinder. The diaphragm is formed by two flaps of which one is stationary and another one is movable between a closed position to close the slot and a plurality of open positions to adjust the width of the slot. The drive of the movable flap is provided with a rotatable cam which is coupled to the movable carriage.

Abstract: A film cartridge, particularly associated with a camera, has a housing bounding a light-tight film roll chamber, and a mouth member arranged for passing a film therethrough and located outside the light-tight film roll chamber. The mouth member has a wall and at least one slot-shaped opening extending in a film transport direction and arranged so as to allow a film actuating member to engage therethrough a film received in the mouth member. Arresting means provided in the mouth member is engageable with an initial portion of the film and disengageable from the latter by camera-actuated means.

Abstract: A photographic roll film camera has a film supply chamber, a spoolless film take-up chamber, a transporting element for transporting the film between these chambers, and a film roll-forming element including a part of the wall of the take-up chamber formed in correspondence to a whole film roll, and a spring-biased guiding lever extending into the take-up chamber and bounding together with the wall a small space for forming a first coil of the film roll so that the initial portion of the film is guided into the small space by the guiding lever and thereafter with increase of the diameter of the film roll during winding of subsequent coils, the guiding lever turns and space for formation of the film roll expands.

Abstract: A film transport arrangement for a cassette has a film transport handle, a perforation wheel having a plurality of keys and arranged to engage a perforated film accommodated in a cassette having a film mouth and inserted or insertable in the camera and to move the film from the cassette, and an adjusting device for adjusting the perforation wheel and arranged between the film transport handle and the perforation wheel so that the perforation wheel is always held or brought into such an angular position in which one of its teeth engages in a perforation hole of a film initial portion lying in a film mouth of the cassette insertable or inserted in the camera.

Abstract: A film cassette for multi-exposure film strips has a body part with an inner compartment for a film strip and at least one opening for passage of the film strip therethrough between an initial position before exposure and a final position after exposure, and elements for preventing unintentional withdrawal of the film strip from the body part in at least one of these positions, the preventing elements arranged between the body part and the film strip. The preventing elements can be arranged so that they prevent unintentional withdrawal of the film strip in both positions. The preventing elements include a recess provided in one of the film strip and the body part, and a projection provided in the other of the film strip and the body part and engageable in the recess.

Abstract: A film transport arrangement of a camera for a film accommodated in a cassette, has transporting device arranged to transport a film before its exposure in a first transport direction from a cassette into a film receiving space of a camera, and to move the film after its exposure in a second transport direction in stepped manner frame after frame back into the cassette, or vice versa, and a film transport handle arranged for acting upon the transporting device so as to move the film in both directions and formed as a transport slider which is displaceable in two displacement directions and has a stroke of displacement in one of the displacement directions sufficient to transport the entire film length in a respective one of the transport directions.

Abstract: The control mechanism for a photographic camera using film carrtridges having coded marks indicative of the sensitivity of the employed film includes a hand-operated control member for setting at least one exposure parameter, an axially movable objective for setting the distance, an adjustable diaphragm, a scanner movable against the marks on the cartridge for displacing the control member in response to the coded marks, a stationary cam surface engaging the objective, transmission gears coupled between the control member and the objective to axially displace the latter according to a distance setting and according to the shape of the stationary cam and curves provided on the control member to display at least the applicable exposure range and the flash distance limits for the employed film sensitivity.

Abstract: A multi-lamp flash unit and a camera with which it is usable, are described. The flash unit has a mounting shoe with which it is connectable to the camera. The shoe has an opening affording access to the interior of the unit, where a triggering element can be displaced from a rest position to an operating position in which it triggers advancement of a flash lamp into a reflector of the unit. The camera has an element which can enter through the opening and displace the triggering element to the operating position of the same.

Abstract: A photographic apparatus wherein the diaphragm is adjustable by a reciprocable selector which is provided with indicia denoting the scene brightness and the distance from the subject. The shutter is adjustable in dependency on the position of the selector, in dependency on the speed of film which is confined in the apparatus and in dependency on the condition of the apparatus, namely, whether the apparatus is set for the making of exposures in daylight or with flash. Cassettes which are used in the apparatus have markers denoting the film speed, and such markers influence the position of a reciprocable follower which can pivot a control lever loosely coupled to a shutter adjusting lever. The latter is pivotable by the control lever or by a motion transmitting lever whose position changes when a flashcube is attached to or detached from the housing of the apparatus.

Abstract: The user of the camera moves an input component to supply film-transport force. A rotary transmission transmits film-transport force fo the input component to the film in the camera, and includes first and second output components. When the input component is moved, the first output component is arrested and the second non-arrested, and then the second output component is arrested and the first non-arrested. A locking structure moves from a locking position arresting the first output component and an unlocking position releasing the first output component. A sensing mechanism responds to film frame advancement by entering into a film perforation, causing the locking structure to move to the unlocking position and causing the second output component to become arrested by the resistance of the film to transport. The transmission includes a gear driven by the input component and driving the second output component and displaceable mounting member mounting the gear for both rotation and displacement.

Abstract: A camera can use film cassettes which, depending upon the sensitivity of the film they contain, are or are not provided with an external marker. If a cassette with a marker is inserted into the camera the marker deflects a sensing arm so that a projection of the arm moves out of the path of movement of a rack which carries a filter. This permits the spring-biased rack to move to a position in which the filter is located in the path of light impinging upon a light-sensing device of the camera. If a cassette without a marker is inserted the arm is not deflected and its projection extends into the path of movement of the rack and prevents the rack from moving to the aforementioned position, so that the filter cannot move into the light path.