Abstract: Calculating devices for non-arbitrary price determination and rational decision making. The historical problem of value has been solved in this invention. The solution represents the first major breakthrough in social science. Value is defined as the sum total of all the future benefits and losses. An infinite spreadsheet establishes a deterministic relationship--described by an equal number of equations and unknowns--between the price and all the factors affecting the price in an expected time space extending from now to the infinite future. The infinite spreadsheet expands the current finite spreadsheet to infinity. It does not assume a resale price in the determination of the price. The current finite spreadsheet for planning and decision making should not be allowed because it hides material information, namely, the future beyond the finite time. The scientific method based on empirical verification is not always applicable in social science.

Abstract: A completely automated software, firmware, and/or hardware system capable of self-generation and auto-updating, designed to be independent of computer technology and to never become obsolete as computer technology changes. A system in which all the software programs are generated by feeding problem specification files, which can be handled automatically, and, thus, can be updated and documented by, the computer, into program generators, which communicate with users in human language. The initial self-generating generators which have their own specification files and can, therefore, generate themselves.