Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) on a substrate, a spacer adjacent to the MTJ, a liner adjacent to the spacer, and a first metal interconnection on the MTJ. Preferably, the first metal interconnection includes protrusions adjacent to two sides of the MTJ and a bottom surface of the protrusions contact the liner directly.

Abstract: A magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) device includes a first array region and a second array region on a substrate, a first magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) on the first array region, a first top electrode on the first MTJ, a second MTJ on the second array region, and a second top electrode on the second MTJ. Preferably, the first top electrode and the second top electrode include different nitrogen to titanium (N/Ti) ratios.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) on a substrate, a first spacer on one side of the of the MTJ, a second spacer on another side of the MTJ, a first metal interconnection on the MTJ, and a liner adjacent to the first spacer, the second spacer, and the first metal interconnection. Preferably, each of a top surface of the MTJ and a bottom surface of the first metal interconnection includes a planar surface and two sidewalls of the first metal interconnection are aligned with two sidewalls of the MTJ.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) on a substrate, a first spacer on one side of the of the MTJ, a second spacer on another side of the MTJ, a first metal interconnection on the MTJ, and a liner adjacent to the first spacer, the second spacer, and the first metal interconnection. Preferably, each of a top surface of the MTJ and a bottom surface of the first metal interconnection includes a planar surface and two sidewalls of the first metal interconnection are aligned with two sidewalls of the MTJ.

Abstract: A method and apparatus having a modified Reed-Solomon decoder is used for finding a specific code group used by a base station and the frame timing synchronization with the base station. The modified Reed-Solomon decoder uses a standard Reed-Solomon decoder and some reliability measurements computed from the received code word symbols. If the reliability of a received symbol is too low, this symbol is considered as erasure. By selecting code word symbols with higher reliabilities and erasing code word symbols with lower reliabilities, the symbol error probability is reduced and the performance is improved. Several modified Reed-Solomon decoders and a few decoding strategies are introduced in order to decode the received code word sequences with a power- and memory-effective method.

Abstract: A nonlinear conversion system using precision mapping and the method thereof are described. The system includes a source value converter, a mapping table unit, a recovering parameter computing unit, and an output computing unit. The method includes the steps of: receiving an input value; converting the input value into a source value; mapping the source value to a destination value in a limited domain for restricting the calculation within a destination domain; establishing a mapping table by directly selecting a precision according to the destination domain and inverse-mapping back to a source domain; and outputting the destination value according to the mapping table, combining the destination value with a recovering parameter for recovering an output value produced by the nonlinear conversion of the input value.

Abstract: A method of path detection in a multi-path communications system that includes selecting an object for configuring a search window, setting at least one sub-window, wherein the sub-window is smaller in size than the search window, providing a first counter for the object, setting a threshold, selecting a decision period for a duration of the object, and detecting a path in a selected region with the at least one sub-window in a plurality of modes corresponding to the threshold.

Abstract: A method and apparatus having a modified Reed-Solomon decoder is used for finding a specific code group used by a base station and the frame timing synchronization with the base station. The modified Reed-Solomon decoder uses a standard Reed-Solomon decoder and some reliability measurements computed from the received code word symbols. If the reliability of a received symbol is too low, this symbol is considered as erasure. By selecting code word symbols with higher reliabilities and erasing code word symbols with lower reliabilities, the symbol error probability is reduced and the performance is improved. Several modified Reed-Solomon decoders and a few decoding strategies are introduced in order to decode the received code word sequences with a power- and memory-effective method.

Abstract: A method of path selection in a multi-path channel communications system that includes providing path information including at least path parameters and path statuses, setting a plurality of thresholds for the path parameters, comparing the path parameters to the thresholds corresponding to the path parameters, assigning a weighting to the path parameters depending upon comparison with the thresholds, updating the path statuses according to the assigned weighting to the parameters and selecting at least one candidate path according to the updated path statuses.

Abstract: A method of path selection in a multi-path channel communications system that includes providing path information including at least path parameters and path statuses, setting a plurality of thresholds for the path parameters, comparing the path parameters to the thresholds corresponding to the path parameters, assigning a weighting to the path parameters depending upon comparison with the thresholds, updating the path statuses according to the assigned weighting to the parameters and selecting at least one candidate path according to the updated path statuses.

Abstract: A method of path selection in a multi-path channel communications system that includes providing path information including at least path parameters and path statuses, setting a plurality of thresholds for the path parameters, comparing the path parameters to the thresholds corresponding to the path parameters, assigning a weighting to the path parameters depending upon comparison with the thresholds, updating the path statuses according to the assigned weighting to the parameters and selecting at least one candidate path according to the updated path statuses.

Abstract: A method of path selection in a multi-path channel communications system that includes providing path information including at least path parameters and path statuses, setting a plurality of thresholds for the path parameters, comparing the path parameters to the thresholds corresponding to the path parameters, assigning a weighting to the path parameters depending upon comparison with the thresholds, updating the path statuses according to the assigned weighting to the parameters and selecting at least one candidate path according to the updated path statuses.

Abstract: A method of path detection in a multi-path communications system that includes selecting an object for configuring a search window, setting at least one sub-window, wherein the sub-window is smaller in size than the search window, providing a first counter for the object, setting a threshold, selecting a decision period for a duration of the object, and detecting a path in a selected region with the at least one sub-window in a plurality of modes corresponding to the threshold.

Abstract: A data processing method encodes data points obtained by sampling data having continuous physical quantity, stores the nth data of the mth data set into a first data frame, stores the (n+1)th data of the mth data set into a second data frame, stores an nth data point of an (m+1)th data set into the first data frame, and stores an (n+1)th data point of the (m+1)th data set into the second data frame. When an interference causes data loss or data error, reconstructed data points approximating the lost data points are generated from other correct data points at a receiver by using a predetermined algorithm.

Abstract: A system and method for providing one hardware platform to implement multiple wireless communication standards, services and applications. The kernel oriented macro based software defined radio (SDR) architecture provides a configurable and programmable hardware platform to implement multiple wireless communication standards, services and applications.

Abstract: A nonlinear conversion system using precision mapping and the method thereof are described. The system includes a source value converter, a mapping table unit, a recovering parameter computing unit, and an output computing unit. The method includes the steps of: receiving an input value; converting the input value into a source value; mapping the source value to a destination value in a limited domain for restricting the calculation within a destination domain; establishing a mapping table by directly selecting a precision according to the destination domain and inverse-mapping back to a source domain; and outputting the destination value according to the mapping table, combining the destination value with a recovering parameter for recovering an output value produced by the nonlinear conversion of the input value.

Abstract: A wireless system includes a base station, user equipment (UE), and at least one wireless device capable of communicating with the base station. The wireless device and the UE belong to an area network. The UE is capable of communicating with a base station directly and communicating with the base station through the wireless device. The wireless device communicates with the base station wirelessly and communicates with the UE either wirelessly or through cable.

Abstract: A retractable handle of wheeled luggage is provided. For the case of single pulling rod, pressing a push button will tighten a connecting rod to move a lower sliding block to a one direction so that an upright rod is pressed to lower a locking member and an upright member to clear the locking member from a toothed member, thereby unlocking both the swivel handle grip and the pulling rod. For the case of two pulling rods, there is further provided another transmission mechanism so that pressing the push button will further unlock locking devices in the pulling rods via coupling rods.

Abstract: A retractable handle of wheeled luggage is provided. For the case of single pulling rod, pressing a push button will tighten a connecting rod to move a lower sliding block to a one direction so that an upright rod is pressed to lower a locking member and an upright member to clear the locking member from a toothed member, thereby unlocking both the swivel handle grip and the pulling rod. For the case of two pulling rods, there is further provided another transmission mechanism so that pressing the push button will further unlock locking devices in the pulling rods via coupling rods.

Abstract: A method and apparatus having a modified Reed-Solomon decoder is used for finding a specific code group used by a base station and the frame timing synchronization with the base station. The modified Reed-Solomon decoder uses a standard Reed-Solomon decoder and some reliability measurements computed from the received code word symbols. If the reliability of a received symbol is too low, this symbol is considered as erasure. By selecting code word symbols with higher reliabilities and erasing code word symbols with lower reliabilities, the symbol error probability is reduced and the performance is improved. Several modified Reed-Solomon decoders and a few decoding strategies are introduced in order to decode the received code word sequences with a power- and memory-effective method.