Abstract: A coding method for data communication is provided, and may be applied to a plurality of scenarios such as a metro network, a backbone network, and a data center interconnection. The method includes: forming a first codeword, where the first codeword includes n image bits and n to-be-transmitted bits, the n image bits are selected from to-be-transmitted bits in m source codewords, the source codeword is a codeword formed before the first codeword, both n and m are positive integers, and n>m; and sending the n to-be-transmitted bits in the first codeword. The bit in the first codeword is protected by a plurality of codewords generated at different moments, and a coding gain effect is better. In addition, the bit in the codeword is protected by different quantities of codewords.

Abstract: A data transmission apparatus includes z physical coding sublayer (PCS) lanes and z convolutional interleaving modules, where one convolutional interleaving module corresponds to one PCS lane. The convolutional interleaving module includes x levels of cascaded convolutional interleavers, where x is an integer greater than 1, and z is a positive integer. The PCS lane is configured to receive a first data stream from a PCS, where one first data stream corresponds to one PCS lane. The convolutional interleaving module is configured to perform interleaving processing on a first data stream from a corresponding PCS lane, to obtain a second data stream, where an interleaving depth of the second data stream is related to a quantity of input bits of an inner-code encoder. The cascaded interleavers enables a quantity of levels of the cascaded interleavers to be flexibly selected.

Abstract: A data processing method comprises: separately performing inner-code encoding on n first data streams to obtain n second data streams, where the n second data streams include n inner-code codewords from the n second data streams, the n inner-code codewords include n/m codeword sets, each of the codeword sets includes m inner-code codewords, and each of the inner-code codewords includes N bits; separately performing bit interleaving on the n/m codeword sets to obtain n/m target bit sets; and separately mapping m×N bits in each of the target bit sets to obtain m×N/L modulation symbols, to obtain n×N/L modulation symbols, where every L bits are mapped to one modulation symbol, and the L bits in the modulation symbol are from L inner-code codewords, wherein the L bits in the modulation symbol are from information bits in the inner-code codewords.

Abstract: This application discloses an Ethernet coding method and apparatus, to adapt to a scenario in which a higher transmission bit error rate is caused by a high bandwidth. The method includes: a transmit end encodes first to-be-encoded information by using a first forward error correction (FEC) codeword, to obtain first encoded data, where the first forward error correction FEC codeword is a Reed-Solomon forward error correction (RS-FEC) codeword; and the transmit end encodes the first encoded data by using a second FEC codeword, to obtain second encoded data, where a code length N and an information bit length K of the second FEC codeword satisfy the following formula: M ? 1 * N K ? M ? 2 , where M1 is a throughput of the first encoded data, and M2 is a throughput of the second encoded data.

Abstract: This application discloses a transmission method for optical communication. The method is applicable to a plurality of scenarios of over 400 Gbps (including 600 Gbps, 800 Gbps, and the like), such as a metropolitan area network, a backbone network, and data center interconnection. The method includes: generating a frame including a plurality of symbols, where in a polarization direction, the frame includes NFAW frame alignment word symbols, NPS pilot symbols, and NRES reserved symbols, one symbol in every M symbols in the frame is a pilot symbol, and NFAW+NRES=M or NFAW+NRES+1=M; and each of the frame alignment word symbols and the pilot symbols is one of ?A?Aj, ?A+Aj, A?Aj, and A+Aj, and A is a real number; and transmitting the frame.

Abstract: This application discloses an Ethernet coding method and apparatus, to adapt to a scenario in which a higher transmission bit error rate is caused by a high bandwidth. The method includes: a transmit end encodes first to-be-encoded information by using a first forward error correction (FEC) codeword, to obtain first encoded data, where the first forward error correction FEC codeword is a Reed-Solomon forward error correction (RS-FEC) codeword; and the transmit end encodes the first encoded data by using a second FEC codeword, to obtain second encoded data, where a code length N and an information bit length K of the second FEC codeword satisfy the following formula: M1*N/K?M2, where M1 is a throughput of the first encoded data, and M2 is a throughput of the second encoded data.

Abstract: A coding method and apparatus for data communication are provided, and may be applied to a plurality of scenarios such as a metro network, a backbone network, and a data center interconnection. As an example method, a first codeword is formed, where the first codeword includes n image bits and n to-be-transmitted bits. The n image bits are selected from to-be-transmitted bits in m source codewords. The m source codewords are formed before the first codeword. Both n and m are positive integers, and n>m; The n to-be-transmitted bits in the first codeword are sent. The bit in the first codeword can be protected by a plurality of codewords generated at different moments. In addition, the bit in the codeword can be protected by different quantities of codewords.

Abstract: This application provides a data processing method and a second communication apparatus, to resolve a problem of relatively long data synchronization time in a conventional technology, and may be applied to augmented reality AR, virtual reality VR, artificial intelligence AI, cloud applications, or other fields. The data processing method includes: A second optical module receives first data from a first optical module, and determines out-of-synchronization lock based on the first data. The second optical module sends, to a second host, first indication information indicating that the second optical module is in out-of-synchronization lock state. The second optical module receives second data from the first optical module, determines synchronization lock based on the second data, and sends, to the second host, second indication information indicating that the second optical module is in synchronization lock state.

Abstract: A data processing method includes the following operations: separately performing convolutional interleaving on n lane data streams to obtain n first data streams, where n>1, and first FEC encoding is performed on all the n lane data streams. Every a codewords obtained through the first FEC encoding are distributed in b lane data streams, where a?b?n, and a?1. z consecutive symbols in each of the first data streams are from z different codewords, and z>1. Then, every K first data streams of the n first data streams are multiplexed to obtain one second data stream, so as to obtain a total of m second data streams. The n first data streams include G first data stream subsets, symbols in different first data stream subsets are from different codewords, m=n/K, K>1, and G>1. y consecutive symbols in each second data stream are from y different codewords, where y>z.

Abstract: A communication method includes: encoding a to-be-transmitted first bit sequence to obtain a first matrix, where the first matrix includes a plurality of bit square matrices of a same size, and each bit square matrix includes a plurality of pieces of bit data; performing, based on a first mapping relationship, position transformation in a range of each bit square matrix on the bit data of each bit square matrix in the first matrix, to obtain a second matrix after the position transformation; and performing bit data position transformation among bit square matrices on the second matrix to obtain a third matrix, and modulating a to-be-sent first symbol sequence based on the third matrix.

Abstract: A method for updating stored information and an apparatus. A controller performs error correction code (ECC) decoding on stored data information based on the stored data information and stored ECC check information to generate an error-corrected codeword, where the error-corrected codeword includes error-corrected data information. The controller generates candidate to-be-written data information based on the error-corrected data information and a data update indication. The controller performs a mask operation on the candidate to-be-written data information based on the stored data information, and writes unmasked content in the candidate to-be-written data information into a memory.

Abstract: An encoding method includes: obtaining m lanes of first data streams through m input lanes, where m is a positive integer; processing the m lanes of first data streams to obtain z lanes of second data streams, where z is a positive integer; separately performing encoding processing on each of the z lanes of second data streams to obtain z lanes of third data streams; and performing multiplex processing on the z lanes of third data streams to obtain n lanes of fourth data streams, where n is a positive integer.

Abstract: This application discloses a link monitoring method and apparatus, and belongs to the field of data transmission technologies. The method includes: receiving outer-code encoded data; performing inner-code encoding on the outer-code encoded data, and outputting inner-code encoded data; performing outer-code decoding on the outer-code encoded data; and determining, based on a status of performing outer-code decoding on the outer-code encoded data, quality of a link for transmission of the outer-code encoded data.

Abstract: An encoding method, a decoding method, and an optical module are described relating to data transmission technologies. The method, carried out by an optical module includes obtaining an optical transmission mode used for signal transmission. The method further includes receiving a signal on which outer-code encoding has been performed. The optical module determines, based on the optical transmission mode, an inner-code encoding scheme to be used by the optical module to perform inner-code encoding on the signal on which outer-code encoding has been performed. The method further includes performing, by using the inner-code encoding scheme, inner-code encoding on the signal on which outer-code encoding has been performed. The optical module outputs a signal on which inner-code encoding has been performed. As a result, error correction performance of the Ethernet may be improved.

Abstract: A method for updating stored information and an apparatus. A controller performs error correction code (ECC) decoding on stored data information based on the stored data information and stored ECC check information to generate an error-corrected codeword, where the error-corrected codeword includes error-corrected data information. The controller generates candidate to-be-written data information based on the error-corrected data information and a data update indication. The controller performs a mask operation on the candidate to-be-written data information based on the stored data information, and writes unmasked content in the candidate to-be-written data information into a memory.

Abstract: An encoding method includes: obtaining a generator matrix for encoding, where the generator matrix is determined based on a target parity-check matrix of a Hamming code for encoding, the target parity-check matrix is based on a target function for decoding, the target function is used to determine a not-all-zero row vector extended based on the target parity-check matrix, and the target function is one of a predetermined function set; encoding information bits using the generator matrix to obtain an encoded data stream; and sending the encoded data stream.

Abstract: This application discloses an Ethernet coding method and apparatus, to adapt to a scenario in which a higher transmission bit error rate is caused by a high bandwidth. The method includes: a transmit end encodes first to-be-encoded information by using a first forward error correction (FEC) codeword, to obtain first encoded data, where the first forward error correction FEC codeword is a Reed-Solomon forward error correction (RS-FEC) codeword; and the transmit end encodes the first encoded data by using a second FEC codeword, to obtain second encoded data, where a code length N and an information bit length K of the second FEC codeword satisfy the following formula: M1 ? N K ? M2, where M1 is a throughput of the first encoded data, and M2 is a throughput of the second encoded data.

Abstract: This application discloses decoding methods, apparatuses, and computer-readable storage media, which may be applied to a plurality of scenarios such as a metropolitan area network, a backbone network, and data center interconnection. An example method includes: obtaining syndromes corresponding to a plurality of codewords; grouping the syndromes into groups; and sorting priorities of each group of syndromes; and selecting, based on a priority sorting result of each group of syndromes, a syndrome for decoding.

Abstract: This application provides a communication method and apparatus. The method includes: encoding a to-be-transmitted first bit sequence to obtain a first matrix, where the first matrix includes a plurality of bit square matrices of a same size, and each bit square matrix includes a plurality of pieces of bit data; performing, based on a first mapping relationship, position transformation in a range of each bit square matrix on the bit data of each bit square matrix in the first matrix, to obtain a second matrix after the position transformation; and performing bit data position transformation among bit square matrices on the second matrix to obtain a third matrix, and modulating a to-be-sent first symbol sequence based on the third matrix.

Abstract: A coding method for data communication is provided, and may be applied to a plurality of scenarios such as a metro network, a backbone network, and a data center interconnection. The method includes: forming a first codeword, where the first codeword includes n image bits and n to-be-transmitted bits, the n image bits are selected from to-be-transmitted bits in m source codewords, the source codeword is a codeword formed before the first codeword, both n and m are positive integers, and n>m; and sending the n to-be-transmitted bits in the first codeword. The bit in the first codeword is protected by a plurality of codewords generated at different moments, and a coding gain effect is better. In addition, the bit in the codeword is protected by different quantities of codewords.