Abstract: A test and measurement device having a signal source, including an impairment generator configured to output an impairment and a waveform synthesizer. The waveform synthesizer receives an input digital signal to be synthesized, receives the impairment, and synthesizes a synthesized digital signal based on the input digital signal and the impairment. The test and measurement instrument also includes a fixed sample rate digital-to-analog converter configured to receive a clock signal and the synthesized digital signal and output an analog signal.

Abstract: A test and measurement device having a signal source, including an impairment generator configured to output an impairment and a waveform synthesizer. The waveform synthesizer receives an input digital signal to be synthesized, receives the impairment, and synthesizes a synthesized digital signal based on the input digital signal and the impairment. The test and measurement instrument also includes a fixed sample rate digital-to-analog converter configured to receive a clock signal and the synthesized digital signal and output an analog signal.

Abstract: A transform calculator includes a plurality of memories. A memory mapping rules module is configured to apportion points of a discrete time domain sequence among the plurality of memories. A pipelined data path is configured to iteratively process pairs of the points of the discrete time domain sequence received from the plurality of memories. A control module is configured to select the pairs of the points in the plurality of memories for processing by the pipelined data path, wherein only one point of each of the pairs of the points is selected at a given time.

Abstract: A system includes M memories, wherein a first mapping assigns each point of an N-point input sequence to one of the M memories. A pipelined data path receives an input from each of the M memories, stores an output to each of the M memories, and iteratively processes pairs of points of the N-point input sequence. A control module designates the pairs of points from the M memories for processing by the data path, wherein only one point of each of the pairs is designated at one time.

Abstract: A composite rotary tool kit includes a plurality of coupling units and a connecting element for fastening the coupling units to form a string. Each coupling unit has a barrel type body with a housing duct located on the peripheral surface for holding a tool. The body has one side forming a stepwise slip-resisting section for coupling with the body of another coupling unit. The coupling unit has a hole in the center to enable the connecting element to run through. The slip-resisting section has a ridge mating a latch unit on the body. The coupling units may hold tools of different specifications and are turnable to facilitate retrieving of the tools.

Abstract: A composite rotary tool kit includes a plurality of coupling units and a connecting element for fastening the coupling units to form a string. Each coupling unit has a barrel type body with a housing duct located on the peripheral surface for holding a tool. The body has one side forming a stepwise slip-resisting section for coupling with the body of another coupling unit. The coupling unit has a hole in the center to enable the connecting element to run through. The slip-resisting section has a ridge mating a latch unit on the body. The coupling units may hold tools of different specifications and are turnable to facilitate retrieving of the tools.

Abstract: A network node configured for transmitting and receiving data to and from other network nodes is able to adapt the transmission rate based on the network conditions. The node initially transmits the data to a receiving node at a first rate. If the data is not received error-free, the node is able to reduce the number of data bits of the current packet that are being transmitted and to increase the amount of redundant data. The node repeats the process until error-free transmission is obtained.

Abstract: A random-access local network having multiple nodes provides data communication across residential wiring such as telephone line as a network medium, where each node accesses the network medium using discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulated symbols. The effects of amplitude and phase distortion of transmitted DMT symbols are overcome, without the necessity of complex equalizers, by differentially encoding data prior to transmission, and recovering the transmitted data by comparing phase differentials between consecutive symbol tones. Each transmitted symbol is composed of a plurality of tone signals, each tone signal modulated according to a constellation point in a complex domain. A transmitter in a first node transmits a training symbol onto a network medium, where the DMT tones of the training symbol have an equal predetermined amount of energy.

Abstract: A physical layer device (PHY) device in a home LAN employs discrete multitone technology (DMT). The DMT system enables usage of existing residential wiring, which typically is telephone system grade twisted copper pair. The PHY device comprises a spectral image selection circuit to increase frequency diversity by examining all the images captured by a filter and restoring the transmitted signal based upon an image that may not be associated with the carrier frequency but its harmonics. Alternatively, the PHY device adjusts the sampling rate of its digital to analog convertor and accordingly filters to achieve desired grouping of spectral images.

Abstract: A physical layer device (PHY) device in a home LAN employs discrete multitone technology (DMT). The DMT system enables usage of existing residential wiring, which typically is telephone system grade twisted copper pair. The PHY device comprises an analog front end (AFE) circuit that frequency shifts the spectral images by using a clock signal. The multiplication of the clock signal is accomplished using a digital mixer or, in the alternative, an analog switch.

Abstract: A random-access local network having multiple nodes provides data communication across residential wiring such as telephone line as a network medium, where each node accesses the network medium using discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulated symbols. The effects of amplitude and phase distortion of transmitted DMT symbols are overcome, without the necessity of complex equalizers, by differentially encoding data prior to transmission, and recovering the transmitted data by comparing phase differentials between consecutive symbol tones. Each transmitted symbol is composed of a plurality of tone signals, each tone signal modulated according to a constellation point in a complex domain. A transmitter modulates data, such as a bit-pair, to a new constellation point based on the value of the bit-pair and a prior position of a consecutively-preceding constellation point, such that the data is represented by the difference in positions between the consecutively-preceding constellation point and the new constellation point.

Abstract: A network receiver is configured for receiving a modulated carrier signal representing a data frame from a network transmitter via a network medium. The receiver includes a sample management buffer to store incoming sample values of a transmitted rate in a buffer and a sample release circuit to release at a slower rate the stored sample values in buffer. An adaptive equalizer with a finite impulse response filter mixes the sample values, and a slicer reconstitutes original data transmitted.

Abstract: A novel collision detecting method at the physical layer is provided for use in a multi-point DMT communication system. A time mark transmitted at the beginning of a portion of a random access data communication is followed by an ID signal for identifying the communication station. The ID signal produced based on the time mark may be transmitted between the time mark and a data portion of the random access data communication. The time mark distorted by a communication channel is received by a receiver of the station that transmitted it. An additional ID signal representing the same ID data as the ID signal is produced based on the received time mark. The additional ID signal is compared with the ID signal received from the communication channel. A collision event is detected if the incoming ID signal does not match the additional ID signal. In response to the detection of the collision event, the transmission of the data portion is terminated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting a sinusoidal signal samples a received signal. An error signal generator receives at its inputs two previous samples of the signal and a current sample of the signal and generates an error signal based on these previous and current samples. A comparison circuit compares the generated error signal for the current sample to an error threshold value and generates a threshold comparison signal that indicates whether the generated error signal is below the error threshold value. A determination circuit then determines whether the received signal is a sinusoidal signal based on the threshold comparison signals that are generated for a plurality of samples.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting a sinusoidal signal samples a received signal. An error signal generator receives at its inputs a previous sample of the received signal and a current sample of the received signal and generates an error signal based on these previous and current samples. A comparison circuit compares the generated error signal for the current sample to an error threshold value and generates a threshold comparison signal with a first value that indicates the generated error signal is below the error threshold value for a second value that indicates a generated error signal is above the error threshold value. A determination circuit then determines whether the received signal is a sinusoidal signal based on a threshold comparison signal generated for a plurality of samples. The determination circuit includes a counter that maintains a count of the number of threshold comparison signals having the first value within a sampling period.

Abstract: A discrete multi-tone communication system employing bin-to-bin differential encoding of data frames to be transmitted within the communication system. The bin-to-bin differential encoding utilizes the phase angle of previously encoded data to encode the current data relative to that phase angle. Hence, only a single reference tone is required to encode a first portion of the data frame into a discrete tone, and then the remaining data portions of the data frame are each subsequently encoded into discrete tones with reference to the phase angle of data already encoded into a discrete tone. Thus, to achieve decoding, a decoding device only requires the reference tone to begin decoding the discrete tones to the correct phase angle for an accurate reproduction of the original data frame.

Abstract: A novel collision detecting method is provided at the physical layer for use in a multi-point DMT communication network having stations transmitting over common media. The method includes generating a collision code corresponding to ID information of a station. A collision symbol representing the collision code is transmitted at the beginning of a portion of a random access data communication. A station in the network receives the collision symbol and decodes a collision signal carried by the collision symbol. A collision event is detected if the collision signal does not satisfy pre-set requirements. For example, energy of each component of the collision signal may be compared with a predetermined minimum energy level to generate a code element for each component having energy exceeding the predetermined minimum energy level. Validity of the code having the generated code elements is determined based on a predetermined validity criterion.