Abstract: An optical device for wireless data communications includes a light source outputting light, a light modulator modulating the output light, a focal plane array including a plurality of optical antennas arranged on a same plane and emitting light modulated by the light modulator through a selected optical antenna among the plurality of optical antennas, and an optical lens converting light emitted from the focal plane array into light having a predetermined beam angle and outputting corresponding light externally.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process carried out by comprising: a first reaction unit for converting a methane-containing feed into light hydrocarbons in a low-temperature plasma reaction; a separator for selectively separating/removing a portion of the mixture; and a second reaction unit for converting the light hydrocarbons passing through the first reaction unit or the separator into aromatics on high-temperature zeolite and, if needed, further comprising: a pre-treatment unit for treating the feed; and a post-treatment unit for separating and purifying the products of the second reaction unit.

Abstract: Provided is a substrate treating method of removing a thin film formed on a substrate. The substrate treating method includes a reaction process of transferring an etchant to the thin film, and a removal process of removing process by-products generated by reacting the thin film with the etchant, in which the reaction process and the removal process are repeated at least twice or more, and any one of the removal processes is to remove partially the process by-products.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes: forming an etch stopper pad including a sacrificial plug over a substrate and a sacrificial pad over the sacrificial plug; forming an etch target layer over the etch stopper pad; forming a plurality of openings by etching the etch target layer and stopping the etching at the sacrificial pad; forming an air gap by removing the sacrificial pad and the sacrificial plug through the openings; and forming a gap-fill layer that fills the openings and the air gap.

Abstract: The invention relates to activated Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 10A, 22F or 33F polysaccharides and processes for their preparation. The invention also relates to immunogenic conjugates comprising Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 10A, 22F or 33F polysaccharides covalently linked to a carrier protein, processes for their preparation and immunogenic compositions and vaccines comprising them.

Abstract: An apparatus for manufacturing a pouch-type battery case according to an embodiment may be configured to mold a pouch sheet. The apparatus for manufacturing the pouch-type battery case may include a forming device configured to mold a cup part in the pouch sheet, a first roller disposed behind the forming device in a moving direction of the pouch sheet and rotating in contact with one surface of the pouch sheet, and a second roller disposed to face the first roller with the pouch sheet therebetween and rotating in contact with the other surface opposite to the one surface of the pouch sheet. Any one of the first roller and the second roller may have an outer diameter that gradually decreases inward in a thickness direction, and the other one of the first roller and the second roller may have an outer diameter that gradually increases inward in the thickness direction.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus is provided. The image decoding method comprises determining whether first information specifying a value of a picture order count (POC) most significant bit (MSB) cycle of a current picture is present in a picture header, determining a POC MSB of the current picture based on whether the first information is present in the picture header, and deriving a POC of the current picture based on the determined POC MSB. Based on the first information being not present in the picture header and the current picture being not a CLVSS (coded layer video sequence start) picture, a POC difference between the current picture and a previous picture preceding the current picture in decoding order may be less than half a maximum value of a POC least significant bit (LSB) of the current picture.

Abstract: An apparatus for a vehicle to manage different braking modes is introduced. The apparatus may use a control device, along with sensors and memory, to monitor acceleration error and a real-time driving mode. Based on information about the acceleration error and the real-time driving mode and predefined reference values, the control device may switch between driving mode, auxiliary braking mode, simultaneous braking mode, or main braking reduction mode. This may enable the vehicle to optimize braking based on real-time conditions.

Abstract: Disclosed are a clock and data recovery circuit and a method of operating the same. The clock and data recovery circuit includes an analog front end that receives an external signal and outputs a non-zero return (NRZ) signal, a comparison unit that receives the NRZ signal and compares the NRZ signal with a reference voltage to generate a phase of the external signal and data; a phase detector that determines a transmission rate of the data based on the phase and generates a first recovery signal and a second recovery signal based on the transmission rate of the data; and an oscillator that generates a first clock in an oversampling scheme based on the first recovery signal and generates a second clock in a baud rate scheme based on the second recovery signal.

Abstract: A battery has a protection member applied between an electrode assembly and a beading portion. The battery includes an electrode assembly; a battery housing having an opening formed on one side to accommodate the electrode assembly through the opening and including a beading portion formed by press-fitting the perimeter of an outer circumference at the opening; a top cap configured to cover the opening; and a first protection member interposed between the beading portion and the electrode assembly.

Abstract: An electrode assembly includes: an electrode stack in which an electrode and a separator are alternately interposed; and an electrode lead extending from the electrode. A thickness of the electrode stack is 15 times or more a thickness of the electrode lead so as to prevent or suppress heat propagation to an adjacent secondary battery.

Abstract: A method of retrieving a document according to an embodiment of the present application includes: acquiring a user retrieval query; calculating a user inquiry vector in a unit of sentence from the user retrieval query and acquiring a first document candidate group based on similarity between the calculated user inquiry vector and an embedding vector of a document stored in a retrieval database; acquiring a second document candidate group based on similarity between a text included in the user retrieval query and a text of the document stored in the retrieval database; and determining a summarization target document based on the first document candidate group and the second document candidate group.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electronic device that includes a display that outputs execution screens of a plurality of applications, a memory that stores the plurality of applications, and a processor electrically connected with the display and the memory. The processor retrieves a history of one or more applications among the plurality of applications that were previously executed in the electronic device, in response to a user input detected by the electronic device and outputs the history on the display based on information about the one or more applications and information about layouts of execution screens of the one or more applications. If at least one of the one or more applications is selected from the history, the processor outputs an execution screen of the selected application on the display according to the corresponding layout.

Abstract: A system for controlling a delivery device comprises a server to transmit a target temperature for transporting a delivery item, and a delivery device to control a temperature of a compartment by determining whether the compartment should be heated or cooled, based on the target temperature for the delivery item, which is received from the server, when the delivery item is determined as being placed in the compartment, and control an operation of a heat managing device to control flow of air based on the temperature of a controller, which controls an operation of the delivery device, and the temperature of the compartment.

Abstract: There is provided a method for scheduling offloading snippets based on a large amount of DBMS task computation. A DB scheduling method according to an embodiment of the disclosure includes determining, by a DBMS, whether to offload a part of query computations upon receiving a query execution request from a client, generating, by the DBMS, an offloading code which is a code for offloading a part of the query computations, based on the received query, when offloading is determined, selecting one of the plurality of storages in which a DB is established, and delivering the offloading code. Accordingly, snippets which will be generated simultaneously are scheduled for CSDs, so that resources are equally utilized, a query execution time is reduced, and reliability on data processing is enhanced.

Abstract: A cathode for a lithium secondary battery includes a cathode current collector, and a cathode active material layer on the cathode current collector. The cathode active material layer includes a plurality of a lithium-metal oxide particle that has a shape of a single particle. An activation energy (Ea) of the cathode is in a range from 50 kJ/mol to 80 kJ/mol.

Abstract: An energy storage system according to an aspect of the present disclosure includes a control container having a battery system controller (BSC), a master controller connected to the BSC through a first communication line, and a bank battery management system (BBMS) connected to the BSC through a second communication line; and a battery container including a slave controller connected to the master controller through the first communication line, and a rack battery management system (RBMS) connected to the BBMS through the second communication line and for monitoring a state of a corresponding battery rack.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and a method of fabricating a semiconductor device, the device including a fin-type pattern extending in a first direction; a gate electrode extending in a second direction over the fin-type pattern, the second direction being different from the first direction; spacers on sidewalls of the gate electrode; a capping structure on the gate electrode and the spacers, the capping structure including a first capping pattern and a second capping pattern, the second capping pattern being on the first capping pattern; and an interlayer insulating film surrounding sidewalls of each of the spacers and sidewalls of the capping structure, the interlayer insulating film being in contact with the first capping pattern.

Abstract: A substrate treatment apparatus including a chamber; a lower electrode in the chamber, wherein the substrate is on the lower electrode; an upper electrode in the chamber, and above the lower electrode; a pulse signal generator configured to generate a pulse signal; and a bias power supply configured to generate bias power having a pulsed non-sinusoidal waveform using the pulse signal, and supply the generated bias power to the lower electrode, wherein the bias power supply includes a DC power generator configured to receive the pulse signal and generate a direct-current (DC) voltage subjected to feedforward compensation based on the pulse signal; and a modulator configured to generate a power signal having a non-sinusoidal waveform using the DC voltage, and filter the power signal using the pulse signal to generate the bias power having the pulsed non-sinusoidal waveform.

Abstract: An image encoding/decoding method and apparatus are provided. The image decoding method may comprise obtaining prediction information of a current block, determining a prediction mode of the current block based on the prediction information, selecting a transform kernel for generating a residual block of the current block based on the prediction mode being a predetermined mode, and generating the residual block of the current block by performing non-separable primary transform on the current block based on the selected transform kernel.