Abstract: A mask includes a substantially transparent portion. The mask further includes a halftone portion abutting the substantially transparent portion, a light transmittance of the halftone portion being greater than 0% and less than 100%.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The second substrate includes a buffer layer, and the buffer layer includes a recessed portion. A spacer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, such that a portion of the spacer is extended into the recessed portion. A bottom surface of the recessed portion contacts an upper surface of the spacer. A shortest line crossing a center of the bottom surface of the recessed portion is longer than a longest line crossing a center of the upper surface of the spacer, by about 14 micrometers to about 20 micrometers.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a lower substrate, an upper substrate, a spacer and an image display layer. The spacer includes a main spacer, a first sub-spacer and a second sub-spacer. The main spacer has a height greater than that of the first and second sub-spacers. The second sub-spacer has an area wider than that of the main spacer and the first sub-spacer.

Abstract: A display panel comprises of a first substrate and a spaced apart second substrate and a protection or other additional film attached to an outer and laterally extending major surface of the first substrate. During attachment, charged particles may flow down along a vertically extending sidewall surface of the first substrate. The first substrate includes a first base substrate having a major lateral surface subdivided into a display region and a peripheral region, a color filter member disposing on the first base substrate and having a plurality of color filters, a light blocking member disposing on the peripheral region of the first base substrate and an overcoating member disposing on the color filter member and on the light blocking member and extending to cover a sidewall surface of the light blocking member.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display substrate includes forming a first color filter on a base substrate in a first region, forming a second color filter on the base substrate in a second region, forming an organic layer on the base substrate, the first color filter and the second color filter, forming a third color filter on the organic layer in a third region and forming an overcoat layer on the organic layer and the third color filter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of optically active alcohols represented by the general formula 2 and their esters represented by the general formula 3 by enzymatic method from racemic alcohols represented by the general formula 1 in scheme 1. In more details, this invention relates to a process for producing optically active alcohols and their esters which are used as pharmaceutical intermediates from alcohols represented by the general formula 1 by stereospecific transesterification of secondary hydroxyl group using lipases as catalyst with acyl donors in organic solvent or with acyl donors only without using organic solvent. According to this invention, optically active alcohols and esters of high optical purity in high yield can be produced by transforming the primary hydroxyl group of 1,2-diols by tosyl group and transesterifying the secondary hydroxyl group stereospecifically by lipase.