Abstract: A low power PAM-4 output transmitter is disclosed. The lower power PAM-4 output transmitter comprises a first source series terminated SST branch configured to include unit cells having transistors which are selectively activated in response to an input signal outputted from an encoder; a second SST branch configured to include unit cells having transistors which are selectively activated in response to a negative signal of the input signal; and a common voltage switch H3 configured to short or open the first SST branch and the second SST branch. Here, differential signals are outputted from both terminals of the first SST branch and the second SST branch by making the first SST branch and the second SST branch short or open according to an operation of the common voltage switch.

Abstract: An update management apparatus and an update verification apparatus and method of a control system. The update verification apparatus of the control system includes a file type classification unit for classifying one or more input update files into any one file type of a firmware file, a patch file, and another type of file; an integrity verification unit for verifying integrity of the update files based on the file types of the update files; and an update file generation unit for generating a final update file from the update files, the integrity of which has been verified.

Abstract: An update management apparatus and an update verification apparatus and method of a control system. The update verification apparatus of the control system includes a file type classification unit for classifying one or more input update files into any one file type of a firmware file, a patch file, and another type of file; an integrity verification unit for verifying integrity of the update files based on the file types of the update files; and an update file generation unit for generating a final update file from the update files, the integrity of which has been verified.