Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an organic electroluminescent device comprising a compound represented by formula 1, and can provide an organic electroluminescent device having a plurality of light-emitting layers, which is superior in driving voltage, luminous efficiency, external quantum efficiency, and/or color coordinate properties as compared to the conventional organic electroluminescent device.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device with an improved electric characteristic and reliability is provided. The semiconductor memory device including a substrate including an active region defined by device separation film, the active region including a first part and second parts, the second parts being on two opposite sides of the first part, respectively a bit line extending on the substrate and across the active region, and a bit line contact between the substrate and the bit line and connected to the first part of the active region may be provided. The bit line contact includes a first ruthenium pattern, and a width of upper surface of the first ruthenium pattern is smaller than a width of bottom surface of the first ruthenium pattern.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a plurality of host materials, an organic electroluminescent compound, and an organic electroluminescent device comprising the same. An organic electroluminescent device with improved driving voltage, luminous efficiency and/or lifespan properties can be provided by comprising the specific combination of compounds according to the present disclosure as a host material, or by comprising compounds according to the present disclosure.

Abstract: The present application provides a polyamic acid aqueous solution composition prepared of a polyimide, wherein the composition enables the polymerization of hydrophobic-based monomers into a polyamic acid in water and is improved in transparency, eco-friendliness, storage stability, and the like when cured.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a plurality of host materials comprising at least one first host compound and at least one second host compound, an organic electroluminescent compound, and an organic electroluminescent device comprising the same. It is possible to produce an organic electroluminescent device having low driving voltage, high luminous efficiency, and/or excellent lifetime properties, either by utilizing the plurality of host materials comprising a specific combination of host compounds, or by utilizing the organic electroluminescent compound represented by a specific Formula.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a novel method of producing poly-4-hydroxybutyrate and/or 1,4-butanediol, and a microorganism using a poly-4-hydroxybutyrate production pathway.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a substrate having an element separation film defining active areas; and gate structures in trenches on the substrate and intersecting the active areas, wherein each of the gate structures includes a gate insulating layer extending along sidewalls and a bottom surface of a corresponding one of the trenches, a gate electrode layer on the gate insulating layer and including a first metal layer and a second metal layer on the first metal layer, a liner film between the gate insulating layer and the first metal layer and including a same metal material as the first and second metal layers, and a capping film in contact with the second metal layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a composition material for an organic electroluminescent device, a plurality of host materials, and an organic electroluminescent device comprising the same. By comprising the composition material for an organic electroluminescent device of the present disclosure, it is possible to provide an organic electroluminescent device having high luminous efficiency and/or long lifespan characteristics.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an organic electroluminescent compound represented by Formula 1, an organic electroluminescent material, and an organic electroluminescent device comprising the same. By comprising the organic electroluminescent compound or the organic electroluminescent material of the present disclosure, an organic electroluminescent device having improved driving voltage, luminous efficiency and/or lifetime characteristics can be provided.

Abstract: A battery management system includes a displacement sensor configured to detect a displacement of a cell group including a plurality of battery cells connected in parallel, and a control unit. The control unit is configured to record the displacement of the cell group at a predetermined time interval for a first diagnosis period from a first time point to a second time point during charging of the cell group. The control unit is configured to determine a first displacement curve from a history of the displacement over the first diagnosis period. The control unit is configured to determine whether the plurality of battery cells is nonuniformly degraded based on the first displacement curve.