Abstract: A method of forming a carbon coating includes heat treating lithium transition metal composite oxide Li0.9+aMbM?cNdOe, in an atmosphere of a gas mixture including carbon dioxide and compound CnH(2n+2?a)[OH]a, wherein n is 1 to 20 and a is 0 or 1, or compound CnH(2n), wherein n is 2 to 6, wherein 0?a?1.6, 0?b?2, 0?c?2, 0?d?2, b, c, and d are not simultaneously equal to 0, e ranges from 1 to 4, M and M? are different from each other and are selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Mo, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ge, Al, Mg, Zr, W, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Sc, Ti, V, Ga, Nb, Ag, Hf, Au, Cs, B, and Ba, and N is different from M and M? and is selected from Ni, Co, Mn, Mo, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ge, Al, Mg, Zr, W, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, Sc, Ti, V, Ga, Nb, Ag, Hf, Au, Cs, B, Ba, and a combination thereof, or selected from Ti, V, Si, B, F, S, and P, and at least one of the M, M?, and N comprises Ni, Co, Mn, Mo, Cu, or Fe.

Abstract: A capacitive deionization apparatus may include at least one pair of porous electrodes and a spacer structure disposed between the at least one pair of electrodes. The at least one pair of porous electrodes may include an electrode material having a surface area for the electrostatic adsorption of feed ions. The spacer structure may include an electrically-insulating material with an ion exchange group on the surface thereof. The spacer structure provides a path for flowing a fluid therethrough.

Abstract: A photoelectrochemical cell includes a compartment divider configured to divide a container into a first compartment and a second compartment, the compartment divider having a first surface facing the first compartment and a second surface facing the second compartment, a first electrolyte in the first compartment, a second electrolyte in the second compartment, a first electrode on the first surface of the compartment divider, a second electrode on the second surface of the compartment divider, a first photocatalyst layer on the first electrode, a second photocatalyst layer on the second electrode, and a catalyst passage connecting the first compartment and the second compartment, the catalyst passage configured to control the first electrolyte and the second electrolyte to flow in one direction.

Abstract: A method of selectively modifying a structure including preparing a structure including a nano-sized through-pore, filling the nano-sized through-pore with a surfactant, removing a portion of the surfactant from both ends of the nano-sized through-pore to expose a portion of an internal surface of the nano-sized through-pore, modifying the exposed internal surface of the nano-sized through-pore with a first compound, removing the surfactant from the nano-sized through-pore having the internal surface modified with the first compound to expose an internal surface that remains unmodified with the first compound, and modifying with a second compound the exposed internal surface without being modified with the first compound, the second compound being different from the first compound.

Abstract: A soft water forming device includes; a capacitive deionization stack (“CDI”) stack including at least one anode and at least one cathode that are separately and alternately stacked to adsorb ions contained in water, and a pumping unit which pumps one of water supplied to the CDI stack and water which has passed through the CDI stack, the pumping unit including; a casing have a water inlet and a water outlet and a rotor which rotates due to motive power supplied by an external motor and pumps the water supplied into the casing.

Abstract: A capacitive deionization device includes; at least one flow path configured to receive influent fluid, at least one pair of electrodes, at least one charge barrier disposed between the at least one flow path and a corresponding electrode of the at least one pair of electrodes, at least one electrolyte solution disposed between at least one of the at least one pair of electrodes and a corresponding charge barrier of the at least one charge barrier, and at least one electrolyte compensation device in fluid communication with the at least one electrolyte solution, wherein the at least one electrolyte solution differs from the influent fluid.

Abstract: An ion exchanger according to a non-limiting embodiment may include an open cell polymer support and a microporous polymer matrix charged within the open cell polymer support. The microporous polymer matrix includes an ion conductive polymer. The ion conductive polymer may be obtained by polymerizing monomers having at least one ion exchange functional group and at least one cross-linkable functional group with a cross-linking agent having at least two cross-linkable functional groups.

Abstract: A thermosensitive copolymer may include a first repeating unit having a temperature-sensitive oligomer and a second repeating unit having an ionic moiety and a counter ion to the ionic moiety. The temperature-sensitive oligomer may be an oligomer including a repeating unit derived from a unsaturated monomer with a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1 or Chemical Formula 2, or an oligomer including a repeating unit derived from a heterocyclic compound having C, N, O, and a C?N bond in its ring. *-C(?O)N(R2)(R3)??[Chemical Formula 1] R2 and R3 may each independently be hydrogen or a linear or branched C1 to C6 alkyl group, a C3 to C7 cycloalkyl group, or a C6 to C10 aryl group, R2 and R3 may not both be hydrogen, and R2 and R3 may be combined to form a nitrogen containing heterocycle. R4 may be a C2 to C5 alkylene group.

Abstract: An integrated electrode-current collector sheet includes a current collector including uneven portions disposed on at least one side of the current collector; and an active material layer disposed on the current collector, the active material layer at least partially covering the uneven portions. In addition, disclosed are a capacitive deionization device and an electric double layer capacitor including the integrated electrode-current collector sheet.

Abstract: A metal suboxide having a specific surface area of greater than or equal to about 1.5 m2/g is prepared by preparing a metal suboxide precursor, and heat-treating the metal suboxide precursor.

Abstract: A heavy metal absorbent, and a filter device including the same, include heavy metal absorbing particles each having a surface with a —NOx (1?x?2) functional group. The heavy metal absorbing particles are one selected from inorganic oxide particles, graphite-based carbon particles, and a combination thereof.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a yttrium hydroxycarbonate modified with a heterogeneous metal, a method of preparing the same, an adsorbent for a heavy metal including the same, and a filter device including the same. The modified yttrium hydroxycarbonate may have a pore size distribution with a pore diameter peak of less than or equal to 10 nm.

Abstract: Provided is an electrolytic disinfection system and method for purifying water. The electrolytic disinfection system includes; an electrolytic disinfection device which includes; a chamber, a first electrode disposed in the chamber, a second electrode disposed in the chamber and spaced apart from the first electrode, a water inlet part connected to the chamber, wherein the water inlet part allows influent water to be introduced to the chamber therethrough, and a water outlet part connected to the chamber, wherein the water outlet part allows the influent water to be discharged from the chamber therethrough, and an influent water heating device which is disposed upstream of the water inlet part and heats the influent water introduced to the chamber through the water inlet part.

Abstract: A filter unit may include a water permeable first electrode, a second electrode arranged so as to be spaced apart from and opposite to the first electrode, and a non-water permeable separator that is positioned between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode may include a metal adsorbent (metal-adsorbing material) and thus may adsorb a metal included in the water. At least one of the first electrode and the second electrode may induce a water hydrolysis reaction to produce H+ ions to regenerate the metal adsorbent. The filter unit may further include a voltage applier to provide a filter system.

Abstract: A filter unit may include an electrode structure, a fluid-purifying flow path, and a pH adjusting chamber. The electrode structure may include a cathode, a cation exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane, and an anode in that order. The fluid-purifying flow path may be at least one of a path in the cathode, between the cathode and the cation exchange membrane, between the anion exchange membrane and the anode, and in the anode. The fluid-purifying flow path may include an adsorption function. The pH adjusting chamber may be between the cation exchange membrane and the anion exchange membrane. The pH adjusting chamber may be configured to control the pH of the fluid in the fluid-purifying flow path.

Abstract: A water purifying filter may include an organic material adsorbent. The organic material adsorbent may include graphite with an interplanar spacing at the c-axis of about 0.3354 nm to 0.34 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction analysis (CuK?). A water purifying system may include the water purifying filter.

Abstract: A draw solute for forward osmosis may include a copolymer including a first structural unit where a temperature-sensitive side chain is graft polymerized, and a second structural unit including a hydrophilic functional group. The temperature-sensitive side chain may include a structural unit for a side chain including a temperature-sensitive moiety.

Abstract: A filter device may include a filter unit including a first electrode and a second electrode that are arranged so as to be spaced apart and opposite to each other. At least one of the first and second electrodes may include an electrode material layer that is electrically conductive. The electrode material layer may include a metal-adsorbing material (metal adsorbent). A voltage applier for applying voltage to the first electrode and the second electrode for a desired amount of time based on the conditions after operation of the filter unit, and a method for driving the same.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a polyacrylonitrile-based copolymer, a method for manufacturing a membrane including the same, a membrane including the same, and a water treatment module using the same. A membrane according to an example embodiment may include a polyacrylonitrile-based copolymer including a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 1, a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 2, and/or a repeating unit represented by Chemical Formula 3. The definitions of the above Chemical Formulae 1, 2, and/or 3 may be the same as in the detailed description. Accordingly, the membrane may allow the attainment of a relatively high water permeation amount and a water treatment module having a relatively high energy efficiency.

Abstract: A photocatalyst according to example embodiments may include a porous metal oxide and an oxygen vacancy-inducing metal. A portion of the oxygen vacancy-inducing metal may be included in a lattice of the porous metal oxide, while another portion may be exposed at the surface of the porous metal oxide. The porous metal oxide may be a divalent or multivalent metal oxide. The oxidation number of the oxygen vacancy-inducing metal may be smaller than the oxidation number of the metal of the porous metal oxide.