Abstract: A polarizing plate and an optical display apparatus are disclosed. A polarizing plate includes a polarizer and a stack of retardation layers on a surface of the polarizer, and the stack of retardation layers includes a second retardation layer and a first retardation layer stacked on the polarizer in sequence from the surface of the polarizer, the second retardation layer being a non-liquid crystal layer, and the stack of retardation layers has an out-of-plane retardation of ?40 nm or more to less than 0 nm at a wavelength of 550 nm and satisfies Relation 1.

Abstract: Provided is a virtual reality design apparatus and a method thereof, which previously design a construction environment the same as reality before the construction by photographing a construction material and applying the image of the construction material to a design space. The virtual reality design device includes a construction image acquiring unit to acquire an image of a design space, and acquire an image of a real construction material, or an existing construction environment, an input unit to input mapping information to the image, and input a function to realize a virtual reality design, a control unit to control storage of the image, and control execution of a design application according to the functions, and a design application executing unit to execute the stored design application and create a design identical to reality under a control of the control unit.

Abstract: A shared key management method for a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in which a master terminal unit (MTU), a plurality of sub master terminal units (SUB-MTUs), and a plurality of remote terminal units (RTUs) are configured in a sequential hierarchy, is provided.