Abstract: Provided are a control method, a control apparatus, a training method, and a training apparatus based on thickness estimation of a wafer substrate. The training method includes generating a training spectrum signal according to a thickness of a wafer substrate using an optical model, generating a training spectrum signal having a noise by applying a noise based on a noise parameter to the training spectrum signal, calculating a similarity between the training spectrum signal having the noise and an actually measured spectrum signal, and when the similarity satisfies a set condition, training a noise reduction model using the training spectrum signal having the noise.

Abstract: A nano spintronic device for using the spin current of a ferromagnetic material and the spin current of a heavy metal channel. The device includes a lower channel layer, a free layer, a pinned layer, an insulating film layer, and an upper channel layer. When current flows upon application of power, electrons are divided into +y-polarized spins and ?y-polarized spins in the lower channel layer, thereby generating torque in the free layer. The torque switches the magnetization direction of the free layer to an +y-axis direction or an ?y-axis direction so that the free layer stores magnetization information according to the magnetization direction. When current flows in the upper channel layer, the current flows into the pinned layer so that electrons in the pinned layer are divided into +y-polarized spins and ?y-polarized spins. The insulating layer insulates the free layer and the pinned layer from each other.

Abstract: Provided is a cooking utensil for cooking by variously combining multi-structured composite bases according to a user's selection. The cooking utensil includes: a base portion made of a composite material and formed to have different thermal conductivities of a heat source according to cooking ingredients and cooking methods; a body portion into which the cooking ingredients are put and to which the base portion is detachably coupled; and a lid configured to seal an upper part of the body portion.

Abstract: A memory system includes a memory controller, a memory cell array, a location information storage unit, an address mapping table, an address conversion unit, and a mapping information calculation unit. The memory controller generates a logical address signal and an address re-mapping command. The memory cell array includes a plurality of logic blocks. The location information storage unit stores location information corresponding to faulty memory cells included in the memory cell array. The address mapping table stores address mapping information. The address conversion unit converts the logical address signal to a physical address signal corresponding to the memory cell array based on the address mapping information. The mapping information calculation unit generates the address mapping information to reduce the number of logic blocks including the faulty memory cells based on the location information upon the mapping information calculation unit receiving the address re-mapping command.

Abstract: A method of repairing a memory device including a boot memory region, a normal memory region, and a redundant memory region, the redundant memory region including a plurality of repair memory units, includes repairing the boot memory region by performing at least one of excluding first fault memory units of the boot memory region from use as storage and replacing the first fault memory units with boot repair memory units of the repair memory units, each of the first fault memory units having at least one fault memory cell; and after the repairing the boot memory region, repairing the normal memory region by performing at least one of excluding second fault memory units from use as storage and replacing the second fault memory units with normal repair memory units of the repair memory units.

Abstract: In a method of operating a memory system including a memory device, a memory controller and a host according to example embodiments, a hardware is initialized based on a fail information and a boot code stored in a nonvolatile memory of a volatile memory and the nonvolatile memory included in the memory device. A host processes data in an internal memory included in the memory controller and a safe region included in the memory device based on the fail information. Using the fail information, the method of operating the memory system according to example embodiments increases the performance of the whole system including the memory system.

Abstract: A memory system includes a memory controller, a memory cell array, a location information storage unit, an address mapping table, an address conversion unit, and a mapping information calculation unit. The memory controller generates a logical address signal and an address re-mapping command. The memory cell array includes a plurality of logic blocks. The location information storage unit stores location information corresponding to faulty memory cells included in the memory cell array. The address mapping table stores address mapping information. The address conversion unit converts the logical address signal to a physical address signal corresponding to the memory cell array based on the address mapping information. The mapping information calculation unit generates the address mapping information to reduce the number of logic blocks including the faulty memory cells based on the location information upon the mapping information calculation unit receiving the address re-mapping command.

Abstract: A method of repairing a memory device including a boot memory region, a normal memory region, and a redundant memory region, the redundant memory region including a plurality of repair memory units, includes repairing the boot memory region by performing at least one of excluding first fault memory units of the boot memory region from use as storage and replacing the first fault memory units with boot repair memory units of the repair memory units, each of the first fault memory units having at least one fault memory cell; and after the repairing the boot memory region, repairing the normal memory region by performing at least one of excluding second fault memory units from use as storage and replacing the second fault memory units with normal repair memory units of the repair memory units.

Abstract: In a method of operating a memory system including a memory device and a memory controller, the memory controller reads fail information from a fail info region included in the memory device. The memory controller maps a logical address related to a program to a physical address of a safe region based on the fail information to store the program in the safe region except the fail info region and a fail region included in the memory device. The memory controller loads the program into the safe region of the memory device according to the address mapping. The method of operating the memory system according to example embodiments increases the performance of the memory system.

Abstract: A hybrid virtual multiple-input multiple-output (V-MIMO) transmission method of a management node in a wireless ad-hoc network in which a transmission path from a source node to a destination node is divided into one or more sections is provided. The hybrid V-MIMO transmission method includes obtaining one or more pieces of node information of one or more nodes by transmitting an information request message to the nodes in response to a transmission request message for data transmission from the source node to the destination node; setting a shortest path (SP) from the source node to the destination node based on the obtained node information; determining transmission schemes individually for nodes present on the SP; issuing a transmission preparation request by transmitting the determined transmission schemes to the respective corresponding nodes; and transmitting a transmission start message to the source node in response to transmission ready responses from the respective nodes.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a producing method for oxynitride or nitride phosphor powders which can be used in displays such as vacuum fluorescent display (VFD), field emission display (FED) and LED display devices, or in lighting devices such as cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) and LED lamps, or in light-emitting apparatuses such as back-lights, wherein the producing method for phosphor powders comprises the step of subjecting part or all of a metal oxide to nitriding by calcining in an atmosphere containing nitrogen, using a fine carbon substance.

Abstract: There are provided a camera module and a method of manufacturing the same. The camera module according to embodiments of the present invention includes: a lens assembly including at least one lens element layer and two lenses integrally formed on each lens element layer, the two lenses having the same focal distance and different optical axes; an image sensor package receiving light incident through the lens assembly and having two image sensor chips disposed therein, the two image sensor chips corresponding to the respective two lenses; and a housing receiving the lens assembly and the image sensor package therein.

Abstract: There are a lens module and a lens wafer module. The lens module includes: a lens assembly including at least one lens stacked on an optical axis and a seating groove recessed in one surface of the lens; and a stopping part installed in the seating groove and blocking unnecessary light incident on the lens assembly.

Abstract: There is provided a camera module, including: a housing having a reception space formed in a side thereof; an image sensor unit mounted in the housing; and a passive element package mounted in the reception space and connected to the image sensor unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a thulium-containing fluorescent substance for a white light emitting diode represented by a following chemical formula 1, (Chemical Formula 1) (M1-X-J7EuxTnIy)2SiO4 where M is a divalent cation metal including Sr or Ba, with 0.005<x<0.05 and 0.005<y<0.05. The silicate-based yellow fluorescent substance according to the present invention is sufficiently excited by a blue light source generated by a blue LED to exhibit a yellow emission, with superior luminous intensity, due to the addition of europium oxide (Eu2O3) and thulium oxide (Tm2O3) as an activator, thereby being suitable for a white LED.

Abstract: A spindle motor assembly includes a spindle motor, a disk for storing data, the disk being installed on the spindle motor, and a disk clamp for fixing the disk to the spindle motor. The disk clamp includes a hollow formed in a central portion thereof, a coupling portion formed around an external circumference of the hollow and including a plurality of screw insertion holes into which clamp fastening screws to be coupled to the spindle motor are inserted, and a pressing portion formed around an external circumference of the coupling portion to press the disk. The coupling portion includes a first region and a second region that are asymmetrical with respect to each other, the plurality of screw insertion holes are formed in the first region only, and a thickness extension portion or a through hole is formed in at least a portion of the second region.

Abstract: A hybrid virtual multiple-input multiple-output (V-MIMO) transmission method of a management node in a wireless ad-hoc network in which a transmission path from a source node to a destination node is divided into one or more sections is provided. The hybrid V-MIMO transmission method includes obtaining one or more pieces of node information of one or more nodes by transmitting an information request message to the nodes in response to a transmission request message for data transmission from the source node to the destination node; setting a shortest path (SP) from the source node to the destination node based on the obtained node information; determining transmission schemes individually for nodes present on the SP; issuing a transmission preparation request by transmitting the determined transmission schemes to the respective corresponding nodes; and transmitting a transmission start message to the source node in response to transmission ready responses from the respective nodes.

Abstract: A reject structure in a cash transaction machine includes a main body of the cash transaction machine including a receiving section wherein a fixed magnet is included in the receiving section; a reject box body being detachably disposed in the receiving section; a reject box shutter being provided on the reject box body to open and close a reject box; and a locking member including a movable magnet in one end of the locking member and being provided pivotably toward a first location capable of locking the reject box shutter and a second location capable of releasing the reject box shutter inside the reject box body, wherein when the reject box body is disposed in the receiving section, the locking member is pivoted toward the location capable of releasing the reject box shutter due to a magnetic force between the fixed magnet and the movable magnet.

Abstract: There is provided an endoscopic camera module package including: a lens part including at least one lens arranged along an optical axis; a flexible printed circuit board having an image sensor mounted thereon, the image sensor allowing light passing through the lens part to form an image; and a housing including an image sensor supporting frame allowing the image sensor to be supported at a rear of the lens part while the flexible printed circuit board is bent.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sheet roller capable of achieving compactness and thinness, and improves space usability and design freedom. The sheet roller includes a roller body coupled with the rotation shaft, a plurality of coupling members coupled with a side surface of the roller body in order to surround a part of an outer peripheral surface of the roller body, and disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the roller body in such a manner as to be spaced apart from one another, and an elastic sheet interposed between the roller body and each of the plurality of coupling members. The roller body is formed to have a predetermined thickness thereof while maintaining a predetermined shape and strength thereof, and thus, improving space usability and the design freedom of an automatic transaction machine where the sheet roller is mounted.