Abstract: A transparent conductor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a transparent substrate, and a transparent conductive pattern formed on the transparent substrate, and the transparent conductor includes a nanostructure on an upper surface of at least one of the transparent substrate and the transparent conductive pattern.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a vehicle includes a valve that introduces or blocks a coolant discharged from a coolant pump into latent heat storage, a first temperature sensor that measures a first coolant temperature discharged from the coolant pump, a second temperature sensor that measures a second coolant temperature in the latent heat storage, and a controller that controls opening and closing of the valve based on the first coolant temperature measured by the first temperature sensor and the second coolant temperature measured by the second temperature sensor.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a vehicle includes a valve that introduces or blocks a coolant discharged from a coolant pump into latent heat storage, a first temperature sensor that measures a first coolant temperature discharged from the coolant pump, a second temperature sensor that measures a second coolant temperature in the latent heat storage, and a controller that controls opening and closing of the valve based on the first coolant temperature measured by the first temperature sensor and the second coolant temperature measured by the second temperature sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a method of nitriding a surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy by cold spraying. That is, a surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy is coated by cold spraying, and then a heat treatment is performed thereon at low temperature for a short time period. Accordingly, the method is suitable for nitriding a surface of Al and Al alloy, which is very difficult to be nitrided, at low production costs. The method includes removing a foreign material from a surface of a mother substrate comprising Al or Al alloy; cold spraying 15 to 50 wt % of a catalyst powder and 50 to 85 wt % of a coating agent powder on the surface of the mother substrate to form a coating layer; and heat treating the coating layer at a temperature of 450 to 630° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 2 to 24 hours.

Abstract: There is provided a pre-treatment method for improving an adhesion of a thin film which includes: preparing a base metal including a single metal or alloy; preparing a coating powder including powder of one or more single metals or an alloy thereof; forming a porous metal coating layer on a surface of the base metal, on which a thin film is to be deposited, by cold-spraying the coating powder and a process gas to the surface of the base metal; and depositing the thin film on the coating layer, wherein the thin film includes metal.

Abstract: Provided are a pre-treatment apparatus and method for improving an adhesion of a thin film The pre-treatment apparatus includes: a gas compressor that compresses gas supplied from the outside and contained, and supplies a process gas that is compressed; a powder feeder for supplying a coating powder including a single metal or alloy supplied from the outside and contained; and a spray nozzle through which the process gas supplied from the gas compressor and the coating powder supplied from the powder feeder are cold sprayed on a surface of a base metal on which a thin film is to be deposited so as to form a porous metal coating layer on the surface of the base metal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a gear train of a multi-step transmission for a vehicle, which can shift gears among nine forward speeds and one reverse speed. The gear train realizes a desired level of multi-step change gear ratios and has a reduced number of sets of planetary gears to reduce the volume and length of the transmission, thus realizing a compact structure, thereby facilitating the installation of the transmission in the vehicle.

Abstract: A gear train apparatus in a multistage transmission may include input and output shafts, a complex planetary gear device concentrically mounted with regard to the output shaft and having four rotary components including one rotary component coupled to the output shaft, first to third pairs of external gears, first to third clutches, a train of external gears, a fourth clutch and first and second brakes.

Abstract: A gear train apparatus in a multistage transmission may include input and output shafts, a complex planetary gear device concentrically mounted with regard to the output shaft and having four rotary components including one rotary component coupled to the output shaft, first to third pairs of external gears, first to third clutches, a train of external gears, a fourth clutch and first and second brakes.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a gear train of a multi-step transmission for a vehicle, which can shift gears among nine forward speeds and one reverse speed. The gear train realizes a desired level of multi-step change gear ratios and has a reduced number of sets of planetary gears to reduce the volume and length of the transmission, thus realizing a compact structure, thereby facilitating the installation of the transmission in the vehicle.

Abstract: Provided is a method of nitriding a surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy by cold spraying. That is, a surface of aluminum or aluminum alloy is coated by cold spraying, and then a heat treatment is performed thereon at low temperature for a short time period. Accordingly, the method is suitable for nitriding a surface of Al and Al alloy, which is very difficult to be nitrided, at low production costs. The method includes removing a foreign material from a surface of a mother substrate comprising Al or Al alloy; cold spraying 15 to 50 wt % of a catalyst powder and 50 to 85 wt % of a coating agent powder on the surface of the mother substrate to form a coating layer; and heat treating the coating layer at a temperature of 450 to 630° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 2 to 24 hours.