Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multilayer metal plate by electroplating includes a first forming operation of forming one of a first metal layer and a second metal layer on a substrate by electroplating, wherein the second metal layer is less recrystallized than the first metal layer, the second metal layer is comprised of nanometer-size grains, and the second metal layer has a higher level of tensile strength than the first metal layer; and a second forming operation of forming, by electroplating, a third metal layer not formed in the first forming operation on a surface of one of the first metal layer and the second metal layer formed in the first forming operation.

Abstract: A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method includes deriving an estimated noise plus interference variance (NIVar) based on at least one legacy-long training field (LLTF) symbol from an LLTF signal; and updating an interference whitening (IW) factor by using a sub-band NIVar.

Abstract: A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method includes deriving an estimated noise plus interference variance (NIVar) based on at least one legacy-long training field (LLTF) symbol from an LLTF signal; and updating an interference whitening (IW) factor by using a sub-band NIVar.

Abstract: A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method estimating an interference whitening (IW) factor based on a legacy-long training field (LLTF) signal, updating the estimated IW factor during transmission of a data symbol, and scaling the data symbol based on the updated IW factor and the estimated IW factor.

Abstract: A communication receiving device is provided. The communication receiving device includes a cross-correlation measuring circuit which receives an L-SIG (Legacy signal) symbol and a RL-SIG symbol to measure a cross-correlation degree therebetween, an accumulating circuit which accumulates a real part of a cross-correlation degree measurement value, a comparator which compares the accumulated L-SIG symbol and the RL-SIG symbol with a variable threshold value, and a threshold value calculator for calculating the threshold value.

Abstract: A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method estimating an interference whitening (IW) factor based on a legacy-long training field (LLTF) signal, updating the estimated IW factor during transmission of a data symbol, and scaling the data symbol based on the updated IW factor and the estimated IW factor.

Abstract: A communication receiving device is provided. The communication receiving device includes a cross-correlation measuring circuit which receives an L-SIG (Legacy signal) symbol and a RL-SIG symbol to measure a cross-correlation degree therebetween, an accumulating circuit which accumulates a real part of a cross-correlation degree measurement value, a comparator which compares the accumulated L-SIG symbol and the RL-SIG symbol with a variable threshold value, and a threshold value calculator for calculating the threshold value.

Abstract: A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method estimating an interference whitening (IW) factor based on a legacy-long training field (LLTF) signal, updating the estimated IW factor during transmission of a data symbol, and scaling the data symbol based on the updated IW factor and the estimated IW factor.

Abstract: A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method estimating an interference whitening (IW) factor based on a legacy-long training field (LLTF) signal, updating the estimated IW factor during transmission of a data symbol, and scaling the data symbol based on the updated IW factor and the estimated IW factor.

Abstract: An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver includes a n average power calculation unit and an output unit. The average power calculation unit calculates and outputs a first average power of a null symbol section of each transmitted frame output from an OFDM transmitter and calculates and outputs second average powers of sub-carriers that correspond to each null symbol section. The output unit compares the first average power and the second average powers, to perform a reciprocal transformation on difference values of the first average power and each of the second average powers based on results of the comparisons, and to store and output reciprocally transformed values as channel state information.

Abstract: Equalizers are provided including an N-tap feed forward filter, an M-tap feed backward filter, an L-tap filter, a control unit and an accumulator. The control unit is configured to connect the L-tap filter to the N-tap feed forward filter or the M-tap feed backward filter based on multipath information present in a communications channel. The accumulator is configured to sum output signals from at least one of the N-tap feed forward filter, the M-tap feed backward filter and the L-tap filter and to output a summation result. Related digital receivers, methods and computer program products are also provided.

Abstract: An equalizer, which may reduce signal distortions using overlapped filter banks and methods for the same are provided. The equalizer may include a filter circuit, and a filter control circuit. The equalizer and methods for the same may reduce distortions in filtered signals.

Abstract: A receiver and method for the same are provided. In the receiver, a decoder may decode an equalized signal to generate symbol decisions and a soft information signal. An equalizer may select boundary levels for non-uniform quantization using a soft information signal delayed by a symbol interval. The equalized signal may be generated from a feedback-filtered signal using the symbol decisions.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the present invention provide a receiver, a generator, an error-averager, and a determiner and methods for the same. In exemplary embodiments of the present invention, cyclical characteristics of a signal may be used to obtain an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Exemplary embodiments of the generator may generate a signal output from an equalizer and may transmit the signal to a decoder, which may calculate a metric. The signal may be proportional to the reliability of a symbol.

Abstract: A channel equalizer, method and computer program for equalizing a channel. The channel equalizer may include a feed forward filter and a switching unit. The switching unit may receive a signal input to the channel equalizer and an output signal from the feed forward filter, and may supply one of the input signal and output signal as an input to the feed forward filter.

Abstract: A synchronization signal detection circuit and method of a digital TV (DTV) receiver are provided. The synchronization signal detection circuit determines a precise main path by determining powers in consideration of the influence of multiple paths near signals located at a peak value location and guarantees a stable operation of an equalizer by using error values output from a decoder to generate a synchronization locking control signal. A power signal based on the correlation of the received signal with a PN511 sequence is filtered to compensate for a dynamic multipath distortion (e.g., due to other multipath signals near signals located at a peak value location). The magnitude of the filtered power signal is then compared (e.g., with a predetermined threshold value) to determine the position of the main path (e.g., at the peak value location, or at a pre or post multipath signal location).

Abstract: An equalizer may include, filter an input data signal based on a plurality of filtering coefficients, and outputs an output data signal, determine whether filtering coefficients satisfy a condition in response to a bit selection signal, and output the filtering control signals based on the determination result, and generate the filtering coefficients, estimate channels based on the input data signal and update the filtering coefficients based on the estimation results.

Abstract: An equalizer and an equalization method usable in a high definition television (HDTV) are provided. The equalizer may receive an input signal including a data signal and a training sequence and may compensate for distortion of the input signal in a high definition television. The equalizer may include an input signal reuse unit, a filter unit, and an error calculation unit. The error calculation unit may receive an equalizer output signal, may estimate the equalizer output signal at an estimate value, may generate the estimate value as a decision value, and may output a difference between the equalizer output signal and the decision value as the error signal.

Abstract: An orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver includes a n average power calculation unit and an output unit. The average power calculation unit calculates and outputs a first average power of a null symbol section of each transmitted frame output from an OFDM transmitter and calculates and outputs second average powers of sub-carriers that correspond to each null symbol section. The output unit compares the first average power and the second average powers, to perform a reciprocal transformation on difference values of the first average power and each of the second average powers based on results of the comparisons, and to store and output reciprocally transformed values as channel state information.

Abstract: Equalizers are provided including an N-tap feed forward filter, an M-tap feed backward filter, an L-tap filter, a control unit and an accumulator. The control unit is configured to connect the L-tap filter to the N-tap feed forward filter or the M-tap feed backward filter based on multipath information present in a communications channel. The accumulator is configured to sum output signals from at least one of the N-tap feed forward filter, the M-tap feed backward filter and the L-tap filter and to output a summation result. Related digital receivers, methods and computer program products are also provided.