Abstract: An optical sensor includes a substrate, a photoelectric element disposed on the substrate and that includes a first electrode, an intermediate layer disposed on the first electrode, and a second electrode disposed on the intermediate layer, a barrier layer disposed on the second electrode, an insulating layer that covers the photoelectric element and the barrier layer, and a bias electrode disposed on the insulating layer and electrically connected to the second electrode. The barrier layer is spaced apart from the first electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel cell system, which bypasses a cell, bundle, or stack. The fuel cell system includes a stack, which includes at least one unit cell including an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte formed between the anode and the cathode. The unit cell produces electricity via an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen provided from the anode and the cathode. The fuel cell system includes switches connected in series for connecting the unit cells in series or for short-circuiting one unit cell with adjacent unit cells, and a bypass switch to connect two unit cells separated by at least one unit cell. The fuel cell system reduces or minimizes influence of a defective cell, bundle, or stack on another normal cell, bundle, or stack, and thus the fuel cell system may operate for a long time and have excellent durability.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell stack is provided in which a separate fuel-blocking unit is provided to each fuel supply tube that connects a fuel supply unit to each bundle portion of the stack, so that the fuel supply to a defective bundle portion may be selectively blocked, thereby preventing the risk of explosion due to fuel leakage and the performance degradation of the other bundle portions. To this end, a fuel cell stack includes a bundle portion including unit cells each having a stacked structure of a first electrode, an electrolytic layer, and a second electrode, and a manifold having the unit cells connected thereto. A fuel supply portion is connected to the manifold of the bundle portion through a fuel supply tube provided at one side thereof. A fuel-blocking unit is connected to the fuel supply tube to block the fuel supply tube.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell and a fuel cell stack are disclosed. The fuel cell stack may include a current collector electrically connected to inner and outer circumferential surfaces of a unit cell and a cap structure. The connection process between the current collector and the unit cell may be easily performed. As an external current collecting portion may be formed to surround the outer circumferential surface of the unit cell. Unit cells may be coupled to manifolds and electrically connected to one another.

Abstract: A solid oxide fuel cell assembly includes a unit cell including an anode, an electrolytic layer, and a cathode that are sequentially stacked, and an adapter at one end of the unit cell, the adapter being coupled to the anode or the cathode of the unit cell and configured to collect current.

Abstract: An electrode sheet for a plasma display panel and a plasma display panel utilizing the same. The electrode sheet for the plasma display panel includes: a dielectric layer having a first surface and a second surface and including a discharge hole for providing a side wall of a discharge space, the dielectric layer being composed of metal oxide (MxOy); and a discharge electrode including a discharge unit around a perimeter of the discharge hole and a connection unit for connecting the discharge unit and another discharge unit to each other, the discharge electrode being within the dielectric layer and composed of metal (M) of the metal oxide (MxOy). Here, the discharge unit of the discharge electrode is within the dielectric layer such that the first surface of the dielectric layer has an area differing from that of the second surface of the dielectric layer.

Abstract: A plasma display panel, and a method for manufacturing the same. The plasma display panel includes a first electrode sheet between a first substrate and a second substrate facing the first substrate; and a second electrode sheet between the second substrate and the first electrode sheet. The first electrode sheet includes a plurality of first inner lines, each of the first inner lines including a first discharge electrode and a first dielectric layer enclosing the first discharge electrode and composed of an anodized material of the first discharge electrode, the second electrode sheet includes a plurality of second inner lines, each of the second inner lines including a second discharge electrode and a second dielectric layer enclosing the second discharge electrode and composed of an anodized material of the second discharge electrode.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a first electrode sheet and a second electrode sheet. Each sheet includes inside lines extending in one direction, each inside line having a discharge electrode forming a closed curve discharge unit and being separated from and electrically connected to an adjacent closed curve discharge unit by a first connection unit. The discharge electrode is of a material subject to an anodization such that anodization forms a dielectric layer having an anodization thickness to an outside of the closed curve discharge unit larger than an anodization thickness to an inside of the closed curve discharge unit, the inside of the closed curve discharge unit forming a sheet discharge hole.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including: a first substrate; a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes, the first and second electrodes being disposed in parallel on the first substrate; a first dielectric surrounding the first electrodes and the second electrodes and connecting the first electrodes and the second electrodes; a passivation layer on the first dielectric and on the first electrodes and the second electrodes; a second substrate facing the first substrate; a plurality of third electrodes on the second substrate and crossing the first electrodes and the second electrodes; and a second dielectric on the third electrodes.