Abstract: Active regions defined by device isolation layer are provided on a substrate. A word line crossing the active regions and a gate dielectric layer between the word line and the active regions are provided. A capping insulating pattern covering an upper surface of the word line and a bit line on the word line are provided. The word line may include a first conductive pattern and a second conductive pattern on the first conductive pattern. The first conductive pattern may include a first metal element. The second conductive pattern may include the first metal element, a work function adjustment element, and a diffusion barrier element. An atomic radius of the diffusion barrier element may be smaller than an atomic radius of the first metal element.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device is provided. The semiconductor device may include a semiconductor substrate having a device isolation trench defining active regions, a device isolation layer disposed in the device isolation trench, gate trenches extending in a first direction and crossing the active regions of the semiconductor substrate and the device isolation layer, word lines disposed in the gate trenches, respectively, each of the gate trenches may include first trench sections in the active regions and second trench sections in the device isolation layer, the first trench sections may have a first depth, and the second trench section may have a second depth greater than the first depth, the device isolation layer may include a lower portion positioned at a level lower than bottom surfaces of the first trench sections and an upper portion on the lower portion, and the lower portion may be formed of a dielectric material having a lower dielectric constant than that of the upper portion.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of operating a selector device, a method of operating a nonvolatile memory apparatus to which the selector device is applied, an electronic circuit device including the selector device, and a nonvolatile memory apparatus. The method of operating the selector device controls access to a memory element, and includes providing the selector device including a switching layer and first and second electrodes disposed on both surfaces of the switching layer, which includes an insulator and a metal element, and applying a multi-step voltage pulse to the switching layer via the first and second electrodes to adjust a threshold voltage of the selector device, the multi-step voltage pulse including a threshold voltage control pulse and an operating voltage pulse. The operating voltage pulse has a magnitude for turning on the selector device, and the threshold voltage control pulse has a lower magnitude lower than the operating voltage pulse.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of operating a selector device, a method of operating a nonvolatile memory apparatus to which the selector device is applied, an electronic circuit device including the selector device, and a nonvolatile memory apparatus. The method of operating the selector device controls access to a memory element, and includes providing the selector device including a switching layer and first and second electrodes disposed on both surfaces of the switching layer, which includes an insulator and a metal element, and applying a multi-step voltage pulse to the switching layer via the first and second electrodes to adjust a threshold voltage of the selector device, the multi-step voltage pulse including a threshold voltage control pulse and an operating voltage pulse. The operating voltage pulse has a magnitude for turning on the selector device, and the threshold voltage control pulse has a lower magnitude lower than the operating voltage pulse.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a transistor area includes a transistor area comprising a transistor formed in the transistor area at a transistor level, wherein a gate of the transistor is formed at a gate level; a first metal line formed across the transistor area at a first level higher than the transistor level to supply a power voltage to the transistor; and a gate metal line formed at the gate level to supply the power voltage to the transistor area, and the gate metal line is electrically coupled to the first metal line.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with a reduced layout area includes pads disposed between a first voltage line and a second voltage line; first and second driver units adjacently disposed at an upper portion or a lower portion of the respective pads; and a metal line disposed between the pads and supplying power commonly to the first and second driver units.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with a reduced layout area includes pads disposed between a first voltage line and a second voltage line; first and second driver units adjacently disposed at an upper portion or a lower portion of the respective pads; and a metal line disposed between the pads and supplying power commonly to the first and second driver units.