Abstract: A display device includes a display panel including a pixel and an emission line connected to the pixel, an emission driver which provides an emission signal defining emission periods and non-emission periods to the emission line, and a controller which determines an emission cycle corresponding to a number of the discontinuous emission periods during a frame period and an emission-off ratio which is a ratio of a sum of the non-emission periods to the frame period. An nth frame period between an n?1th frame period and an n+1th frame period in which the emission cycles are different and the emission-off ratios are equal includes first to mth sub-frame periods in which the emission-off ratios are different.

Abstract: A vehicle seat reinforcement device includes a leg portion mounted on a floor panel, a seat cushion frame slidably mounted on the leg portion, and a load reinforcing structure connected between the leg portion and the seat cushion frame, wherein when a seat belt anchorage load is transferred to the seat cushion frame, the seat cushion frame is locked to the leg portion by the load reinforcing structure.

Abstract: An embodiment provides a Joule heating-based roll-to-roll graphene manufacturing method and a graphene manufacturing apparatus, by suppressing the stress concentration and deformation generated in a catalytic metal passing between a first roller part and a second roller part, stable roll-to-roll transfer for a synthesis area arranged so as to extend in a downward direction can be ensured for temperature compensation, and the synthesis area is transferred in a state of maintaining a concave shape toward a temperature compensation area without a cross section distorted in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: An atomic layer etching method using a ligand exchange reaction may include a substrate providing step of putting a substrate with a thin film formed thereon into a reaction chamber, a halogenated thin film forming step of forming a halogenated thin film on a surface of the thin film by infusing a halogenated gas into the reaction chamber, and an etching step of etching the halogenated thin film by infusing a ligand without a metal or metal precursor into the reaction chamber with the substrate with the halogenated thin film.

Abstract: A display substrate according to the embodiment includes a base material containing chromium and iron, wherein the base material includes a surface portion and a central portion, the surface portion is defined as a depth region from a surface of the base material to a depth of 5 nm in a thickness direction of the base material, and a ratio of chromium atoms to iron atoms (Cr/Fe) of the surface portion is greater than that of the central portion.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for prevention or treatment of an allergic disease comprising a mixed extract of two or more selected from the group consisting of Asiasarum root, Platycodon root, and Cinnamomi ramulus as an active ingredient; a method for prevention or treatment of an allergic disease using the pharmaceutical composition; and a health functional food and a feed composition for improvement of an allergic disease. The composition and method of the invention can specifically inhibit the differentiation of Th2 cells and thus can be effectively used as a composition for prevention or treatment of an allergic disease.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method performed by a wireless device. The method includes wirelessly transmitting a legacy physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) before wirelessly transmitting a wake-up receiver PPDU to protect the wake-up receiver PPDU. The legacy PPDU includes a preamble and a legacy frame. The legacy frame includes a power management field that indicates that the wireless device is transitioning to a doze state to cause other wireless devices to refrain from transmitting to the wireless device.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless device for wirelessly transmitting a wake-up signal. The method includes wirelessly transmitting a legacy physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) to protect a wake-up receiver PPDU, wherein the legacy PPDU includes a preamble and a legacy frame, wherein the legacy frame includes a power management field that indicates that the wireless device is transitioning to a doze state to cause other wireless devices to refrain from transmitting to the wireless device and wirelessly transmitting a wake-up receiver PPDU after transmitting the legacy PPDU.

Abstract: A method by a wireless transmitting device is disclosed for indicating a partial traffic identifier (PTID) or an access category index (ACI) in a header compression element. The method includes generating a frame that includes the header compression element, wherein the header compression element includes a first subfield that is for indicating a PTID of a quality of service (QoS) data frame or an ACI of a QoS management frame and a second subfield indicating whether the first subfield indicates the PTID of the QoS data frame or the ACI of the QoS management frame. The method further includes transmitting the frame through a wireless medium.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless device operating in a wireless network. The method includes receiving a wake-up receiver frame, wherein the wake-up receiver frame includes a continuous frame field that indicates whether a further wake-up receiver frame comes after the wake-up receiver frame and determining whether the further wake-up receiver frame exists based on a content of the continuous frame field.

Abstract: A method by a wireless transmitting device is disclosed for indicating a partial traffic identifier (PTID) or an access category index (ACI) in a header compression element. The method includes generating a frame that includes the header compression element, wherein the header compression element includes a first subfield that is for indicating a PTID of a quality of service (QoS) data frame or an ACI of a QoS management frame and a second subfield indicating whether the first subfield indicates the PTID of the QoS data frame or the ACI of the QoS management frame. The method further includes transmitting the frame through a wireless medium.

Abstract: A method by a wireless transmitting device for distinguishing between a quality of service (QoS) management frame and a non-QoS management frame is described. The method includes generating a frame that includes a frame header, wherein the frame header includes a frame control field, wherein the frame control field includes a partial traffic identifier or subtype (PTID/subtype) subfield, wherein the PTID/subtype subfield indicates whether the frame is a quality of service (QoS) management frame or a non-QoS management frame and transmitting the frame through a wireless medium.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless device for wirelessly transmitting a wake-up signal. The method includes wirelessly transmitting a legacy physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU) to protect a wake-up receiver PPDU, wherein the legacy PPDU includes a preamble and a legacy frame, wherein the legacy frame includes a power management field that indicates that the wireless device is transitioning to a doze state to cause other wireless devices to refrain from transmitting to the wireless device and wirelessly transmitting a wake-up receiver PPDU after transmitting the legacy PPDU.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless device for wirelessly transmitting a wake-up signal and data frame to one or more other wireless devices. The method includes wirelessly transmitting a wake-up signal to the one or more other wireless devices, wirelessly receiving a response frame that is responsive to the wake-up signal from one of the one or more other wireless devices before an estimated full transition delay has elapsed after the wake-up signal was transmitted, wherein the estimated full transition delay includes an estimated delay to activate a radio frequency or baseband component and an estimated delay to load a program for execution, and wirelessly transmitting, after the estimated full transition delay has elapsed, a data frame that includes data intended for the one or more other wireless device in response to a determination that the response frame has been received.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless device operating in a wireless network. The method includes receiving a wake-up receiver frame, wherein the wake-up receiver frame includes a continuous frame field that indicates whether a further wake-up receiver frame comes after the wake-up receiver frame and determining whether the further wake-up receiver frame exists based on a content of the continuous frame field.

Abstract: A method performed by a first wireless station is described. The method includes determining, by a Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the first wireless station, a plurality of MAC Protocol Data Units (MPDUs) to transmit to a second wireless station in an aggregated MPDU, wherein a physical layer of the first station is to use a plurality of codewords to represent the plurality of MPDUs, wherein a first MPDU in the plurality of MPDUs is to be represented by a first set of codewords and a second MPDU is to be represented by a second set of codewords from the plurality of codewords; appending padding to the first MPDU such that the first set of codewords does not share a codeword with the second set of codewords; and transmitting the first set of codewords and the second set of codewords to the second wireless station.

Abstract: A method by a wireless transmitting device for distinguishing between a quality of service (QoS) management frame and a non-QoS management frame is described. The method includes generating a frame that includes a frame header, wherein the frame header includes a frame control field, wherein the frame control field includes a partial traffic identifier or subtype (PTID/subtype) subfield, wherein the PTID/subtype subfield indicates whether the frame is a quality of service (QoS) management frame or a non-QoS management frame and transmitting the frame through a wireless medium.

Abstract: A method performed by a first wireless station is described. The method includes determining, by a Media Access Control (MAC) layer of the first wireless station, a plurality of MAC Protocol Data Units (MPDUs) to transmit to a second wireless station in an aggregated MPDU, wherein a physical layer of the first station is to use a plurality of codewords to represent the plurality of MPDUs, wherein a first MPDU in the plurality of MPDUs is to be represented by a first set of codewords and a second MPDU is to be represented by a second set of codewords from the plurality of codewords; appending padding to the first MPDU such that the first set of codewords does not share a codeword with the second set of codewords; and transmitting the first set of codewords and the second set of codewords to the second wireless station.

Abstract: A communication method of a transmission node includes generating information of a transmission unavailable time period of the transmission node in a reception available time period of a reception node, and transmitting, to the reception node, the information of the transmission unavailable time period. The reception node operates in a sleep state based on the information of the transmission unavailable time period.

Abstract: A communication method of a transmission node includes generating information of a transmission unavailable time period of the transmission node in a reception available time period of a reception node, and transmitting, to the reception node, the information of the transmission unavailable time period. The reception node operates in a sleep state based on the information of the transmission unavailable time period.