Abstract: Provided are an image encoding method and apparatus, and an image decoding method and apparatus. The image encoding method includes: obtaining a variation of a motion estimation error with respect to a homogeneity degree of a motion vector according to mergence, based on a motion vector of each of merged blocks obtained by merging adjacent blocks, motion vectors of the adjacent blocks included in each of the merged blocks, and motion vectors of neighboring blocks of each of the merged blocks; and determining, based on the obtained variation, a merged block having a smallest variation from among the merged blocks and whether to merge the adjacent blocks included in the determined merged block.

Abstract: A system and method of generating a warning of a rear collision that includes setting, by a controller, a concern area around a vehicle and measuring, by a sensor, the position and distance of an approaching object. In addition, the controller is configured to store the position and distance of the approaching object and determine whether the path of the approaching object crosses the boundary of the concern area, using at least two or more stored positions and distances. The controller calculates a time-to-collision of the approaching object, when the path of the approaching object crosses the boundary of the concern area; and generates a warning which indicating the approaching object.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing a Broussonetia kazinoki extract, comprising the following steps: solvent extracting Broussonetia kazinoki; isolating the Broussonetia kazinoki extract, extracted in the previous step; and crystallizing the Broussonetia kazinoki extract isolated in the previous step. It is possible to prepare a Broussonetia kazinoki extract having a remarkable skin whitening effect and excellent stability through the method for preparing a Broussonetia kazinoki extract.

Abstract: A semiconductor package onto which a plurality of passive elements is mounted. A substrate includes a first surface and a second surface. A semiconductor chip is on one of the first surface and the second surface of the substrate. A plurality of passive elements are on the substrate. The plurality of passive elements include a plurality of first passive elements and a plurality of second passive elements that are taller than the plurality of first passive elements. The plurality of first passive elements are on at least one of the first surface and the second surface, and at least two of the plurality of second passive elements are on the second surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to hydrogel particles coated with lipid, which are made from dispersing hydrogel particles in an organic solvent in which lipids are dissolved, and to a method for manufacturing same. Unlike the existing method for manufacturing hydrogel core vesicles, the present invention can effectively manufacture same by using an emulsification method, without involving the steps of chemical treatment of the surface of hydrogels or dilution, thereby facilitating mass production and preventing the decrease of drug encapsulation efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a skin external composition comprising an extract of the flower and fruit of paper mulberry, and more particularly to a skin external composition containing, as an active ingredient, an extract of flower and fruit of paper mulberry, which shows an excellent skin-whitening effect by effectively inhibiting melanin production.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a skin-whitening composition comprising a paper mulberry extract, and more particularly to a skin-whitening composition containing an extract of Acer barbinerve Max., Acer barbinervis var. glabrescens, Wikstroemia trichotoma, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes, Edgeworthia chrysantha, Broussonetia papyrifera for. Oppositifolia, Broussonetia papyrifera for. Lucida, Daphne kamtschtica or Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold, which can be used safely on the skin without causing side effects and has excellent effects of inhibiting melanin production and pigmentation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing a Broussonetia kazinoki extract, comprising the following steps: solvent extracting Broussonetia kazinoki; isolating the Broussonetia kazinoki extract, extracted in the previous step; and crystallizing the Broussonetia kazinoki extract isolated in the previous step. It is possible to prepare a Broussonetia kazinoki extract having a remarkable skin whitening effect and excellent stability through the method for preparing a Broussonetia kazinoki extract.

Abstract: An image frame interpolation method and apparatus for determining an object and a background according to a degree of similarity between corresponding areas of a first image frame and a second image frame used for interpolation in every predetermined data unit of a third image frame interpolated between the first image frame and the second image frame and interpolating an object area of the third image frame by using object areas existing in original image frames.

Abstract: A video signal processing apparatus may include a frame memory and a separator and deinterlacer circuit. The frame memory may store an interlaced video signal. The separator and deinterlacer circuit may execute operations of separating and deinterlacing the interlaced video signal stored in the frame memory. The apparatus may output a sequential video signal. A data processing system may include the video signal processing apparatus. A method for processing video signals may include storing an interlaced video signal in a frame memory and executing operations of separating and deinterlacing the interlaced video signal stored in the frame memory. The method may also include outputting a sequential video signal.

Abstract: For spatial resolution conversion of an image signal, a magnitude of a motion vector is compared to a threshold value. Single channel interpolation is performed if the magnitude of the motion vector is greater than a threshold value, and multi-channel interpolation is performed otherwise. In addition, single channel interpolation is performed for spatial resolution conversion of any frame that does not refer to another frame.

Abstract: A synchronization detector of a video signal processor includes a line buffer, a parameter extraction unit and synchronization detection unit. The line buffer sequentially stores a digital video signal corresponding to an input analog video signal, line by line of the input analog video signal. The parameter extraction unit continuously extracts horizontal synchronization parameters from the digital video signal stored line by line and continuously extracts vertical synchronization parameters from a portion of the digital video signal stored line by line. The synchronization detection unit generates horizontal and vertical synchronization signals of the input analog video signal using time information related to local minimum values of the horizontal synchronization parameters and time information related to local minimum values of the vertical synchronization parameters.

Abstract: A synchronization detecting apparatus includes a counter, an error detector, and a line length generator. The counter counts to a predetermined counter value in response to a clock signal. The error detector generates an error, which is the difference between a current counter value received from the counter and a previous line length, in response to a synchronization flag signal. The line length generator generates a current line length based on a compensated error and the predetermined counter value. The synchronization flag signal has an active level at a transitioning edge of a synchronization pulse signal contained in an input signal.

Abstract: A video decoder removes noise caused by a luminance signal component when separating a chrominance signal from a composite video baseband signal. The video decoder includes a first signal generator generating a first signal, a second signal generator generating a second signal, a third signal generator differentiating the first and second signals and performing a predetermined operation on the differentiated signals to generate a third signal, an operating unit performing a predetermined operation on the third signal to output the chrominance signal, a fourth signal generator performing a predetermined operation on the first and second signals to generate a fourth signal having a value corresponding to the amplitude of the chrominance signal, and a noise removal unit correcting the chrominance signal in response to the third and fourth signals to remove luminance component noise included in the chrominance signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recording/reproducing data is disclosed. The apparatus for recording/reproducing data comprises a diffraction element splitting light diffracted or reflected from a recording medium into a main beam and first and second sub beams, the main beam and the first and second sub beams having no interference from one another; a light-receiving part detecting the main beam and the first and second sub beams; and a controller controlling a position of the diffraction element based on at least one light capacity of the detected beams or the detected position.

Abstract: A semiconductor package onto which a plurality of passive elements is mounted. A substrate includes a first surface and a second surface. A semiconductor chip is on one of the first surface and the second surface of the substrate. A plurality of passive elements are on the substrate. The plurality of passive elements include a plurality of first passive elements and a plurality of second passive elements that are taller than the plurality of first passive elements. The plurality of first passive elements are on at least one of the first surface and the second surface, and at least two of the plurality of second passive elements are on the second surface.

Abstract: A digital video signal processing apparatus and method for compensating a chrominance (C) signal includes receiving the C signal separated from an input video signal and compensating the C signal in at least one dimension thereof to generate a compensated C signal. A comparator may determine whether a portion of a Y signal in the input video signal is present in the C signal. The compensator may compensate the C signal only when the comparator determines a portion of the Y signal is present in the C signal. The comparator may calculate a variation between current C data of the input video signal and adjacent C data and compare the variation to a threshold value.

Abstract: An adaptive digital video signal processing apparatus and method for Y/C separation. In the video signal processing apparatus, an adaptive 2D BPF carries out Y/C separation through comb filtering and bandpass filtering selected according to local characteristics of an image (e.g., based on the direction in which an edge in the image extends in vertical and horizontal directions. The adaptive 2D BPF performs 2D bandpass filtering in general case. The 2D BPF adaptively executes a series of selections of the various filtering operations in a continuous manner.

Abstract: Sync positions are detected from a video signal. The detected sync positions are processed (e.g., averaged) to generate modified sync positions. The detected sync positions and the modified sync positions are selectively used to sample and synchronize a color signal derived from the video signal. For example, the detected sync positions and the modified sync positions may be selectively used to sample and synchronize the color signal responsive to differences between the modified sync positions. The invention may be embodied as apparatus and/or methods.

Abstract: Video signal processing systems and methods for detecting horizontal synchronization signals within video signals. Digital filtering methods are implemented for processing analog video signals to determine time varying characteristics of video signals to detect the starting and ending positions of horizontal synchronization pulses in a video signal with increased accuracy. In addition, adaptive methods are implemented for dynamically determining various video signal parameters over time, such as blanking level BL, threshold value (slice) level and synchronization level SL using information extracted from digitally filtered video signals.