Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a lower electrode, an upper electrode, and a dielectric layer structure between the lower electrode and the upper electrode, the dielectric layer structure including a first surface facing the lower electrode and a second surface facing the upper electrode. The dielectric layer structure includes a first dielectric layer including a first dielectric material and a plurality of grains extending from the first surface to the second surface and a second dielectric layer including a second dielectric material and surrounding a portion of a sidewall of each of the plurality of grains of the first dielectric layer in a level lower than the second surface. The second dielectric material includes a material having bandgap energy which is higher than bandgap energy of the first dielectric material.

Abstract: A composition comprising a cation polymerizable organic compound and an organosiloxane comprising at least one silsesquioxane, wherein each silsesquioxane independently comprises an inorganic core having a SiO3/2 moiety and an organic group having a cation polymerizable functional group, wherein the organic group in the comprises a first organic group represented by Chemical Formula 1 a second organic group represented by Chemical Formula 2, R1—(CH2)n1—* ??Chemical Formula 1 R2—(CH2)n2—* ??Chemical Formula 2 wherein R1 and R2 are each independently the cation polymerizable functional group, n1 is an integer ranging from 1 to 3, and n2 is an integer of 4 or greater.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for managing a paging area may induce a paging area to be allocated to a User Equipment (UE). A paging area may be controlled to be updated upon an occurrence of an event and may reduce traffic congestion.

Abstract: Provided are a user equipment, a frame transmission and reception method using a radio resource of the user equipment, and a frame transmission method using a radio resource of a base station. If an application is generated, a radio resource allocation may be requested. In response to the request, a data radio resource for a data frame and a separate control radio resource for a control frame may be allocated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for a random access process in a mobile communication system. According to the exemplary embodiments, in the case where a mobile terminal requests a random access to a network, when the network is not able to promptly allocate a resource for the random access to the mobile terminal due to an insufficient resource, the mobile terminal is maintained in a standby state without repeatedly requesting the random access to the network. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the uplink signal interference caused by the repeated random access request, reduce the possibility of communication contention between the mobile terminals for the access to the mobile communication system, and reduce the power consumption of the mobile terminal.

Abstract: A vertical alignment liquid crystalline compound containing a laterally substituted aromatic cyclic moiety. The liquid crystalline compound has a wide temperature range of the nematic phase, a high optical anisotropy and a high negative dielectric anisotropy. In addition, since the rotation viscosity and the K33/K11 ratio of the liquid crystalline compound are maintained at a low level, the liquid crystalline compound can be effectively used as a liquid crystalline medium having good image quality and a high response speed even when applied to thin liquid crystalline cells.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a novel process for preparing 3-hydroxyesters, comprising: (a) reacting an epoxide derivative with carbon monoxide and alcohol in a solvent at a temperature of 30˜150° C. under a pressure of 50˜3000 psig by using a catalyst system consisting of a catalytic amount of a cobalt compound and optionally an effective amount of a promoter to produce a 3-hydroxyester or a derivative thereof; (b) separating the resulting product and the solvent from the cobalt compound and the promoter in a stripping column at a temperature of −30˜200° C. in an atmosphere of a stabilizing gas; and (c) recycling a part or all of the separated cobalt compound and promoter to the step (a) and repeating the steps (a) through (c).

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a novel process for preparing 3-hydroxyesters, comprising: (a) reacting an epoxide derivative with carbon monoxide and alcohol in a solvent at a temperature of 30˜150° C. under a pressure of 50˜3000 psig by using a catalyst system consisting of a catalytic amount of a cobalt compound and optionally an effective amount of a promoter to produce a 3-hydroxyester or a derivative thereof; (b) separating the resulting product and the solvent from the cobalt compound and the promoter in a stripping column at a temperature of −30˜200° C. in an atmosphere of a stabilizing gas; and (c) recycling a part or all of the separated cobalt compound and promoter to the step (a) and repeating the steps (a) through (c).